Pay vs Performance Disclosure - USD ($)

12 Months Ended

Dec. 31, 2025

Dec. 31, 2024

Dec. 31, 2023

Dec. 31, 2022

Dec. 31, 2021

Pay vs Performance Disclosure

Pay vs Performance Disclosure, Table

Pay Versus Performance

In accordance with rules adopted by the SEC pursuant to the Dodd-Frank Act, we provide the following disclosure regarding executive compensation for our principal executive officer (“PEO”) and Non-PEO NEOs and Company performance for the fiscal years listed below. We did not use any financial performance measure to link “Compensation Actually Paid” to our NEOs to our Company performance in the most recently completed fiscal year; accordingly, this disclosure does not present a Company-Selected Measure in the table below nor a Tabular List of our most important financial metrics. Despite being a smaller reporting company under SEC rules, we voluntarily provide supplementary pay versus performance disclosure for five fiscal years to enhance transparency of our compensation structure. The Compensation Committee did not consider the pay versus performance disclosure below in making its pay decisions for any of the years shown. For additional discussion of how executive compensation is linked to Company performance, please see the section labeled “Named Executive Officer Compensation Overview” in this Proxy Statement.


Year	Summary Compensation Table Total for PEO1 ($)	Compensation Actually Paid to PEO1, 2, 3 ($)	Average Summary Compensation Table Total for Non-PEO NEOs1 ($)	Average Compensation Actually Paid to Non-PEO NEOs1,2,3 ($)	Value of Initial Fixed $100 Investment based on:4		Net Income ($ Millions)
Year	Summary Compensation Table Total for PEO1 ($)	Compensation Actually Paid to PEO1, 2, 3 ($)		Average Compensation Actually Paid to Non-PEO NEOs1,2,3 ($)	TSR ($)	Peer Group TSR ($)	Net Income ($ Millions)
2025	3,403,752	3,602,523	1,567,307	1,637,215	8.54	124.75	(158)
2024	4,202,323	4,303,599	1,832,708	1,682,859	8.02	93.49	(168)
2023	5,925,790	3,404,758	1,859,249	1,040,141	7.30	94.03	(136)
2022	5,878,026	705,198	1,860,101	387,388	11.51	89.90	(116)
2021	34,104,892	(1,459,864)	8,024,996	(7,212,212)	21.40	100.02	121

1. Jean-Pierre Sommadossi was our PEO for each year presented. The individuals comprising the Non-PEO NEOs for each year presented are listed below.


2021	2022	2023	2024	2025
Andrea Corcoran	Andrea Corcoran	Andrea Corcoran	Andrea Corcoran	Andrea Corcoran
Janet Hammond, MD, PhD	Janet Hammond, MD, PhD	Janet Hammond, MD, PhD	Janet Hammond, MD, PhD	Janet Hammond, MD, PhD
Maria Arantxa Horga, MD	Maria Arantxa Horga, MD	Maria Arantxa Horga, MD	Maria Arantxa Horga, MD	Maria Arantxa Horga, MD
John Vavricka	John Vavricka	Wayne Foster	John Vavricka	John Vavricka

2. The amounts shown for Compensation Actually Paid have been calculated in accordance with Item 402(v) of Regulation S-K and do not reflect compensation actually earned, realized, or received by the Company’s NEOs. These amounts reflect the Summary Compensation Table Total with certain adjustments as described in footnote 3 below.

3. Compensation Actually Paid reflects the exclusions and inclusions of certain amounts for the PEO and the Non-PEO NEOs as set forth below. Equity values are calculated in accordance with FASB ASC Topic 718. Amounts in the Exclusion of Stock Awards and Option Awards column are the totals from the Stock Awards and Option Awards columns set forth in the Summary Compensation Table.

         Year

         Summary Compensation Table Total for PEO 
($)

         Exclusion of Stock Awards and Option Awards for PEO 
($)

         Inclusion of Equity Values for PEO 
($)

         Compensation Actually Paid to PEO 
($)

        

         2025

         3,403,752 

         (2,278,168)

         2,476,939

         3,602,523

         Year

         Average Summary Compensation Table Total for Non-PEO NEOs 
($)

         Average Exclusion of Stock Awards and Option Awards for Non-PEO NEOs 
($)

         Average Inclusion of Equity Values for Non-PEO NEOs 
($)

         Average Compensation Actually Paid to Non-PEO NEOs 
($)

        

The amounts in the Inclusion of Equity Values in the tables above are derived from the amounts set forth in the following tables:

         Year

         Year-End Fair Value of Equity Awards Granted During Year That Remained Unvested as of Last Day of Year for PEO 
($)

         Change in Fair Value from Last Day of Prior Year to Last Day of Year of Unvested Equity Awards for PEO 
($)

         Vesting-Date Fair Value of Equity Awards Granted During Year that Vested During Year for PEO 
($)

         Change in Fair Value from Last Day of Prior Year to Vesting Date of Unvested Equity Awards that Vested During Year for PEO 
($)

         Total - Inclusion of
Equity Values for PEO 
($)

        

         Year

         Average Year-End Fair Value of Equity Awards Granted During Year That Remained Unvested as of Last Day of Year for Non-PEO NEOs 
($)

         Average Change in Fair Value from Last Day of Prior Year to Last Day of Year of Unvested Equity Awards for Non-PEO NEOs 
($)

         Average Vesting-Date Fair Value of Equity Awards Granted During Year that Vested During Year for Non-PEO NEOs 
($)

         Average Change in Fair Value from Last Day of Prior Year to Vesting Date of Unvested Equity Awards that Vested During Year for Non-PEO NEOs 
($)

         Total - Average Inclusion of
Equity Values for Non-PEO NEOs 
($)

        

4. The Peer Group TSR set forth in this table utilizes the NASDAQ Biotechnology Index, which we also utilize in the stock performance graph required by Item 201(e) of Regulation S-K included in our Annual Report for the year ended December 31, 2025. The comparison assumes $100 was invested for the period starting December 31, 2020, through the end of the listed year in the Company and in the NASDAQ Biotechnology Index, respectively. Historical stock performance is not necessarily indicative of future stock performance.

Named Executive Officers, Footnote

1. Jean-Pierre Sommadossi was our PEO for each year presented. The individuals comprising the Non-PEO NEOs for each year presented are listed below.


2021	2022	2023	2024	2025
Andrea Corcoran	Andrea Corcoran	Andrea Corcoran	Andrea Corcoran	Andrea Corcoran
Janet Hammond, MD, PhD	Janet Hammond, MD, PhD	Janet Hammond, MD, PhD	Janet Hammond, MD, PhD	Janet Hammond, MD, PhD
Maria Arantxa Horga, MD	Maria Arantxa Horga, MD	Maria Arantxa Horga, MD	Maria Arantxa Horga, MD	Maria Arantxa Horga, MD
John Vavricka	John Vavricka	Wayne Foster	John Vavricka	John Vavricka

Peer Group Issuers, Footnote

The Peer Group TSR set forth in this table utilizes the NASDAQ Biotechnology Index, which we also utilize in the stock performance graph required by Item 201(e) of Regulation S-K included in our Annual Report for the year ended December 31, 2025. The comparison assumes $100 was invested for the period starting December 31, 2020, through the end of the listed year in the Company and in the NASDAQ Biotechnology Index, respectively. Historical stock performance is not necessarily indicative of future stock performance.

PEO Total Compensation Amount

$ 3,403,752

$ 4,202,323

$ 5,925,790

$ 5,878,026

$ 34,104,892

PEO Actually Paid Compensation Amount

$ 3,602,523

4,303,599

3,404,758

705,198

(1,459,864)

Adjustment To PEO Compensation, Footnote

         Year

         Summary Compensation Table Total for PEO 
($)

         Exclusion of Stock Awards and Option Awards for PEO 
($)

         Inclusion of Equity Values for PEO 
($)

         Compensation Actually Paid to PEO 
($)

        

         2025

         3,403,752 

         (2,278,168)

         2,476,939

         3,602,523

         Year

         Year-End Fair Value of Equity Awards Granted During Year That Remained Unvested as of Last Day of Year for PEO 
($)

         Change in Fair Value from Last Day of Prior Year to Last Day of Year of Unvested Equity Awards for PEO 
($)

         Vesting-Date Fair Value of Equity Awards Granted During Year that Vested During Year for PEO 
($)

         Change in Fair Value from Last Day of Prior Year to Vesting Date of Unvested Equity Awards that Vested During Year for PEO 
($)

         Total - Inclusion of
Equity Values for PEO 
($)

        

Non-PEO NEO Average Total Compensation Amount

$ 1,567,307

1,832,708

1,859,249

1,860,101

8,024,996

Non-PEO NEO Average Compensation Actually Paid Amount

$ 1,637,215

1,682,859

1,040,141

387,388

(7,212,212)

Adjustment to Non-PEO NEO Compensation Footnote

         Year

         Average Summary Compensation Table Total for Non-PEO NEOs 
($)

         Average Exclusion of Stock Awards and Option Awards for Non-PEO NEOs 
($)

         Average Inclusion of Equity Values for Non-PEO NEOs 
($)

         Average Compensation Actually Paid to Non-PEO NEOs 
($)

        

         Year

         Average Year-End Fair Value of Equity Awards Granted During Year That Remained Unvested as of Last Day of Year for Non-PEO NEOs 
($)

         Average Change in Fair Value from Last Day of Prior Year to Last Day of Year of Unvested Equity Awards for Non-PEO NEOs 
($)

         Average Vesting-Date Fair Value of Equity Awards Granted During Year that Vested During Year for Non-PEO NEOs 
($)

         Average Change in Fair Value from Last Day of Prior Year to Vesting Date of Unvested Equity Awards that Vested During Year for Non-PEO NEOs 
($)

         Total - Average Inclusion of
Equity Values for Non-PEO NEOs 
($)

        

Compensation Actually Paid vs. Total Shareholder Return

The following chart sets forth the relationship between Compensation Actually Paid to our PEO, the average of Compensation Actually Paid to our Non-PEO NEOs, the cumulative TSR for the Company over the five most recently completed fiscal years, and the NASDAQ Biotechnology Index TSR over the same period.

Compensation Actually Paid vs. Net Income

The following chart sets forth the relationship between Compensation Actually Paid to our PEO, the average of Compensation Actually Paid to our Non-PEO NEOs, and our net income during the five most recently completed fiscal years.