| Schedule of net revenues |
| | | | | | | | | For the Year ended December 31, | | | 2023 | | 2024 | | 2025 | | | RMB | | RMB | | RMB | Product revenues | | | | | | | Revenue from LiDAR products | | 1,735,254 | | 1,946,775 | | 2,973,340 | Other product revenues | | 29,636 | | 19,259 | | 9,579 | Service revenues | | | | | | | Engineering design, development and validation service and solution revenue | | 100,493 | | 100,290 | | 36,118 | Other service revenues | | 11,606 | | 10,833 | | 8,536 | Total | | 1,876,989 | | 2,077,157 | | 3,027,573 |
| | | | | | | | | For the Year ended December 31, | | | 2023 | | 2024 | | 2025 | | | RMB | | RMB | | RMB | | | | | | | | Revenue recognized at a point of time | | 1,783,803 | | 2,038,302 | | 3,023,288 | Revenue recognized over time | | 93,186 | | 38,855 | | 4,285 | Total | | 1,876,989 | | 2,077,157 | | 3,027,573 |
| | | | | | | | | For the Year ended December 31, | | | 2023 | | 2024 | | 2025 | | | RMB | | RMB | | RMB | Revenue by geographic location | | | | | | | Chinese Mainland | | 991,912 | | 1,542,793 | | 2,354,727 | North America | | 748,147 | | 280,874 | | 451,689 | Europe | | 70,500 | | 161,095 | | 140,002 | Other regions | | 66,430 | | 92,395 | | 81,155 | Total | | 1,876,989 | | 2,077,157 | | 3,027,573 |
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| Schedule of movements of the accounts receivable and contract balances |
| | | | | | | | | Accounts | | Contract | | Contract | | | Receivable | | assets | | liabilities | | | RMB | | RMB | | RMB | Opening Balance as of January 1, 2023 | | 485,044 | | 12,600 | | 40,378 | Increase, net | | 39,774 | | 7,088 | | 39,547 | Ending Balance as of December 31, 2023 | | 524,818 | | 19,688 | | 79,925 | Increase (decrease), net | | 240,209 | | (9,779) | | (46,931) | Ending Balance as of December 31, 2024 | | 765,027 | | 9,909 | | 32,994 | Increase (decrease), net | | 497,193 | | (9,909) | | (11,975) | Ending Balance as of December 31, 2025 | | 1,262,220 | | — | | 21,019 |
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