UNITED STATES

SECURITIES AND EXCHANGE COMMISSION

WASHINGTON, D.C. 20549

FORM 20-F

(Mark One)

☐ REGISTRATION STATEMENT PURSUANT TO SECTION 12(B) OR 12(G) OF THE SECURITIES

EXCHANGE ACT OF 1934

OR

☒ ANNUAL REPORT PURSUANT TO SECTION 13 OR 15(D) OF THE SECURITIES EXCHANGE ACT

OF 1934

For the fiscal year ended December 31, 2025

OR

☐ TRANSITION REPORT PURSUANT TO SECTION 13 OR 15(D) OF THE SECURITIES EXCHANGE

ACT OF 1934

OR

☐ SHELL COMPANY REPORT PURSUANT TO SECTION 13 OR 15(D) OF THE SECURITIES

EXCHANGE ACT OF

1934

Date of event requiring this shell company report……………….

Commission File Number: 001-41981

LOBO TECHNOLOGIES LTD.

(Exact name of Registrant as specified in its charter)

Gemini Mansion B 901, i Park, No. 18-17 Zhenze Rd

Xinwu District, Wuxi, Jiangsu

People’s Republic of China, 214111

(Address of Principal Executive Offices)

Mr. Huajian Xu, Chief Executive Officer

Gemini Mansion B 901, i Park, No. 18-17 Zhenze Rd

Xinwu District, Wuxi, Jiangsu

People’s Republic of China, 214111

Tel: + 86 510 88584252

Email: xuhuajian@loboai.com
(Name, Telephone, Email and/or Facsimile number and Address of Company Contact Person)

Securities registered or to be registered pursuant to Section 12(b) of the Act:

Securities registered or to be registered pursuant to Section 12(g) of the Act: None

Securities for which there is a reporting obligation pursuant to Section 15(d) of the Act: None

Indicate the number of outstanding shares of each of the issuer’s classes of capital ,or common stock as of the close of the period covered by the annual report: 12,568,514 ordinary shares, comprised of 8,838,194 Class A ordinary shares, par value $0.001 per share, and 3,730,320 Class B ordinary shares, par value $0.001per share, as of December 31, 2025.

Indicate by check mark if the registrant is a well-known seasoned issuer, as defined in Rule 405 of the Securities Act. Yes ☐ No ☒

If this report is an annual or transition report, indicate by check mark if the registrant is not required to file reports pursuant to Section 13 or 15(d) of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934. Yes ☐ No ☒

Indicate by check mark whether the registrant: (1) has filed all reports required to be filed by Section 13 or 15(d) of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934 during the preceding 12 months (or for such shorter period that the registrant was required to file such reports), and (2) has been subject to such filing requirements for the past 90 days. Yes ☒ No ☐

Indicate by check mark whether the registrant has submitted electronically every Interactive Data File required to be submitted pursuant to Rule 405 of Regulation S-T (§232.405 of this chapter) during the preceding 12 months (or for such shorter period that the registrant was required to submit such files). Yes ☐ No ☒

Indicate by check mark whether the registrant is a large accelerated filer, an accelerated filer, a non-accelerated filer, or an emerging growth company. See definition of “large accelerated filer”, “accelerated filer,” and “emerging growth company” in Rule 12b-2 of the Exchange Act.

If an emerging growth company that prepares its financial statements in accordance with U.S. GAAP, indicate by check mark if the registrant has elected not to use the extended transition period for complying with any new or revised financial accounting standards† provided pursuant to Section 13(a) of the Exchange Act. ☐

† The term “new or revised financial accounting standard” refers to any update issued by the Financial Accounting Standards Board to its Accounting Standards Codification after April 5, 2012.

Indicate by check mark which basis of accounting the registrant has used to prepare the financial statements included in this filing:

If “Other” has been checked in response to the previous question, indicate by check mark which financial statement item the registrant has elected to follow. Item 17 ☐ Item 18 ☐

If securities are registered pursuant to Section 12(b) of the Act, indicate by check mark whether the financial statements of the registrant included in the filing reflect the correction of an error to previously issued financial statements. ☐

Indicate by check mark whether any of those error corrections are restatements that required a recovery analysis of incentive-based compensation received by any of the registrant’s executive officers during the relevant recovery period pursuant to §240.10D-1(b). ☐

If this is an annual report, indicate by check mark whether the registrant is a shell company (as defined in Rule 12b-2 of the Exchange Act). Yes ☐ No ☒

(APPLICABLE ONLY TO ISSUERS INVOLVED IN BANKRUPTCY PROCEEDINGS DURING THE PAST FIVE YEARS)

Indicate by check mark whether the registrant has filed all documents and reports required to be filed by Sections 12, 13 or 15(d) of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934 subsequent to the distribution of securities under a plan confirmed by a court. Yes ☐ No ☐

TABLE OF CONTENTS

CAUTIONARY NOTE REGARDING FORWARD-LOOKING STATEMENTS

This annual report on Form 20-F (including information incorporated by reference herein, the “Report”) is being filed by LOBO TECHNOLOGIES LTD., a British Virgin Islands business company. Unless otherwise indicated, “we,” “us,” “our,” “LOBO,” the “Group” and similar terminology refer to LOBO TECHNOLOGIES LTD. and its subsidiaries.

Forward-looking statements are typically identified by words such as “plan,” “believe,” “expect,” “anticipate,” “intend,” “outlook,” “estimate,” “forecast,” “project,” “continue,” “could,” “may,” “might,” “possible,” “potential,” “predict,” “should,” “would” and other similar words and expressions, but the absence of these words does not mean that a statement is not forward- looking. Forward-looking statements in this Report may include, for example, statements about:

These forward-looking statements are based on information available as of the date of this Report, and current expectations, forecasts and assumptions, and involve a number of judgments, risks and uncertainties. Accordingly, forward-looking statements should not be relied upon as representing our views as of any subsequent date, and we do not undertake any obligation to update forward-looking statements to reflect events or circumstances after the date they were made, whether as a result of new information, future events or otherwise, except as may be required under applicable securities laws.

You should not place undue reliance on these forward-looking statements. New risk factors and uncertainties emerge from time to time and it is not possible for our management to predict all risk factors and uncertainties, nor can we assess the impact of all factors on our business or the extent to which any factor, or combination of factors, may cause actual results to differ materially from those contained in any forward-looking statements. As a result of a number of known and unknown risks and uncertainties, our actual results or performance may be materially different from those expressed or implied by these forward-looking statements.

This Report also contains statistical data and estimates that we obtained from industry publications and reports generated by third-party providers of market intelligence. These industry publications and reports generally indicate that the information contained therein was obtained from sources believed to be reliable, but do not guarantee the accuracy and completeness of such information.

INTRODUCTION

We are a holding company primarily operating in China through our subsidiaries. Unless otherwise stated or unless the context otherwise requires, the terms “Company,” “the registrant,” “our company,” “the company,” “we,” “us,” “our,” “ours” and “LOBO” refer to LOBO TECHNOLOGIES LTD., a British Virgin Islands business company, and its subsidiaries.

Our consolidated financial statements are presented in U.S. dollars. All references in this annual report to “$,” “U.S. $,” “U.S. dollars” and “dollars” mean U.S. dollars, unless otherwise noted.

Unless otherwise indicated or the context requires otherwise, the terms “we,” “us,” “our Company,” “our,” “the Company” and “LOBO” refer to LOBO TECHNOLOGIES LTD., a British Virgin Islands company. In addition, in this annual report:

PART I

ITEM 1. IDENTITY OF DIRECTORS, SENIOR MANAGEMENT AND ADVISERS

Not applicable.

ITEM 2. OFFER STATISTICS AND EXPECTED TIMETABLE

Not applicable.

ITEM 3. KEY INFORMATION

Not applicable.

Not applicable.

Risks Related to Our Business and Industry

We may incur losses in the future.

We had net loss of $5,476,695 and $845,841 for the fiscal years ended December 31, 2025 and 2024, respectively. After we listed on Nasdaq, our operating expenses, together with the increased general administrative expenses of a growing public company, has increased as we seek to maintain and continue to grow our business, attract potential customers and further enhance our product offering. These efforts may prove more expensive than we currently anticipate, and we may not succeed in increasing our revenue sufficiently to offset these higher expenses. As a result of the foregoing and other factors, we may incur net losses in the future and may be unable to achieve or maintain profitability on a quarterly or annual basis for the foreseeable future.

Our success is dependent on our continued innovation and successful launches of new products and services, and we may not be able to anticipate or make timely responses to changes in the preferences of consumers.

The success of our operations depends on our ability to introduce new or enhanced e-bicycles, e-mopeds, e-tricycles, e-carts, and other new products and services. Consumer preferences differ across and within each of the regions in which we operate or plan to operate and may shift over time in response to changes in demographic and social trends, economic circumstances and the marketing efforts of our competitors. There can be no assurance that our existing products will continue to be favored by consumers or that we will be able to anticipate or respond to changes in consumer preferences in a timely manner. Our failure to anticipate, identify or react to these particular preferences could adversely affect our sales performance and our profitability. In addition, demand for many of our products, including accessories, are closely linked to customers’ purchasing power and disposable income levels, which may be adversely affected by unfavorable economic developments in the regions in which we operate.

We devote significant resources to product development and extensions. However, we may not be successful in developing innovative new products and services, and our new products may not be commercially successful. To the extent that we are not able to effectively gauge the direction of our key markets and successfully identify, develop and manufacture new or improved e-bicycles, e-mopeds, e-tricycles, e-carts in these changing markets, our financial results and our competitive position may suffer. Moreover, there are inherent market risks associated with new product introductions, including uncertainties about marketing and consumer preference, and there can be no assurance that we will be successful in introducing new products. We may expend substantial resources developing and marketing new products that may not achieve expected sales levels.

We have identified material weaknesses in our internal control over financial reporting. If we fail to develop and maintain an effective system of internal control over financial reporting, we may be unable to accurately report our financial results or prevent fraud.

In the course of auditing our consolidated financial statements as of and for the years ended December 31, 2025 and 2024, we and our independent registered public accounting firm identified two material weaknesses in our internal control over financial reporting as well as other control deficiencies. As defined in standards established by the PCAOB, a “material weakness” is a deficiency, or a combination of deficiencies, in internal control over financial reporting, such that there is a reasonable possibility that a material misstatement of our annual or interim financial statements will not be prevented or detected on a timely basis. The material weaknesses identified relate to (1) we did not maintain proper accounting records and supporting document related to property, plant and equipment, and ordinary shares transactions; and (2) we had insufficient financial reporting and accounting personnel with appropriate knowledge of U.S. GAAP and SEC reporting requirements to properly address complex U.S. GAAP accounting issues and to prepare and review our consolidated financial statements and related disclosures to fulfil U.S. GAAP and SEC financial reporting requirements.  We do not expect that our internal control over financial reporting and disclosure controls will prevent all error and all fraud. We will continue to take measures to remediate the material weakness in the future. However, we cannot be certain that these measures will successfully remediate the material weakness or that other material weaknesses will not be discovered in the future. If our efforts are not successful or other material weaknesses or control deficiencies occur in the future, we may be unable to report our financial results accurately on a timely basis or help prevent fraud, which could cause our reported financial results to be materially misstated and result in the loss of investor confidence or delisting and cause the market price of our Ordinary Shares to decline. In addition, it could in turn limit our access to capital markets, harm our results of operations, and lead to a decline in the trading price of our securities. Additionally, ineffective internal control over financial reporting could expose us to increased risk of fraud or misuse of corporate assets and subject us to potential delisting from the stock exchange on which we list, regulatory investigations and civil or criminal sanctions. We may also be required to restate our financial statements from prior periods. Because of our status as an emerging growth company, you will not be able to depend on any attestation from our independent registered public accountants as to our internal control over financial reporting for the foreseeable future.

We do not have a long history of running as an integrated group. Our limited operating history running as an integrated group in the industry may not provide an adequate basis to predict our future prospects and results of operations for this segment, and may increase the risk of your investment.

Our Company was incorporated in October 2021, and we acquired Jiangsu LOBO, including its subsidiaries, on April 8, 2022. We do not have a long history of running as an integrated group with standardized policies and procedures and on which our past performance may be predicted. Potential customers may not be familiar with our market and may have difficulty distinguishing our products and services from those of our competitors. Convincing potential target customers of the value of our products and services is critical to increasing the volume of sales and the success of our business. If we fail to promote or advertise the value of our products and services to our potential target customers, if the market for our services does not develop as we expect, or if we fail to address the needs of our target market in China or elsewhere, our business and results of operations will be harmed.

You should consider our business and future prospects in light of the risks and challenges we face as a new entrant into our industry, including, among other things, with respect to our ability to:

If we fail to address any or all of these risks and challenges, our business may be materially and adversely affected.

We have limited experience to date in high volume manufacturing of our products. We cannot assure you that we will be able to develop or ensure efficient, automated, low-cost manufacturing capability and processes, and reliable sources of component supply that will enable us to meet the quality, price, engineering, design and production standards, as well as the production volumes required to successfully mass-market our currently available and future products. We may not be able to achieve similar results or grow at the same rate as we had in the past. As our business grows, we may adjust our product and service offerings. These adjustments may not achieve expected results and may have a material and adverse impact on our financial conditions and results of operations.

In addition, our growth and expansion have placed, and continue to place, a significant strain on our management and resources. This level of significant growth may not be sustainable or achievable at all in the future. We believe that our continued growth will depend on many factors, including continued launch of new products, effective marketing, successful entry into other overseas market and operating efficiency. We cannot assure you that we will achieve any of the above, and our failure to do so may materially and adversely affect our business and results of operations.

We face intense market competition. If we fail to develop and introduce new models of products, and AI-related products and services in anticipation of market demand in a timely and cost-effective manner, our competitive position and ability to generate revenues may be materially and adversely affected.

As a new player in the e-bicycles, e-tricycles, e-carts, and AI-related products and services, we face intense competition from current industry leaders. The introduction of new products is subject to risks and uncertainties. Unexpected technical, operational, logistical, regulatory or other problems could delay or prevent the introduction of our new products. Moreover, we cannot assure you that any of these new products will match the quality or popularity of those developed by our competitors, and achieve widespread market acceptance or generate the desired level of income for our customers.

Meanwhile, offering new products requires us to make investments in research and development, recruit and train additional qualified workers, and increase marketing efforts. In addition, some manufactures, including the large companies in this industry, like AIMA Technology Group Co., LTD and Yadea Group Holdings Ltd., have developed low-end and low-cost models which are sold at approximately RMB1,000 per two-wheel electric vehicle (without battery). Since most of the low-speed two-wheel EV users are low-income workers in China, we may encounter difficulties with the creation of the new products and in offering new products, we may face new risks and challenges that we are not familiar with. Furthermore, we may experience difficulties in recruiting or otherwise identifying qualified workers to develop the electric vehicles and AI-related products and services to address the new demand of potential customers. If we are unable to offer new products in a timely and cost-effective manner, our business, results of operations and financial condition could be adversely affected.

If we fail to adopt new technologies or adapt our e-bicycles, e-mopeds, e-tricycles, and off-highway four-wheeled electric shuttles and AI-related products and services to changing customer requirements or the industry standards, our business may be materially and adversely affected.

To remain competitive, we must continue to enhance and improve the functionality and features of our products. The production cycle of e-bicycles, e-mopeds, e-tricycles, and off-highway four-wheeled electric shuttles, from research and development stage to implementation stage takes one to two months. The changes in customer requirements and preferences, frequent introductions of new products and services embodying new technologies and the emergence of new industry standards and practices, any of which could render our existing technologies and products obsolete. Our success will depend, in part, on our ability to identify, develop, acquire or license leading technologies useful in our business, and respond to technological advances and new industry standards and practices in a cost-effective and timely way. The development of our products, and AI-related products and services entails significant technical and business risks. We may not be able to use new technologies effectively or adapt our proprietary technologies to meet customer requirements or new industry standards. If we are unable to adapt in a cost-effective and timely manner a response to changing market conditions or customer requirements, whether for technical, legal, financial or other reasons, our business, prospects, financial condition and results of operations may be materially and adversely affected.

If we fail to adopt new technologies or adapt our e-bicycles, e-mopeds, e-tricycles, e-carts, and AI products and services to changing customer requirements or the industry standards, our business may be materially and adversely affected.

To remain competitive, we must continue to enhance and improve the functionality and features of our products. The production cycle of e-bicycles, e-mopeds, e-tricycles, and e-carts, from research and development stage to implementation stage takes one to two months. The changes in customer requirements and preferences, frequent introductions of new products and services embodying new technologies and the emergence of new industry standards and practices, any of which could render our existing technologies and products obsolete. Our success will depend, in part, on our ability to identify, develop, acquire or license leading technologies useful in our business, and respond to technological advances and new industry standards and practices in a cost-effective and timely way. The development of our products, and AI-related products and services entails significant technical and business risks. We may not be able to use new technologies effectively or adapt our proprietary technologies to meet customer requirements or new industry standards. If we are unable to adapt in a cost-effective and timely manner a response to changing market conditions or customer requirements, whether for technical, legal, financial or other reasons, our business, prospects, financial condition and results of operations may be materially and adversely affected.

If we are unable to manage our growth or execute our strategies effectively, our business and prospects may be materially and adversely affected.

To accommodate our growth, we anticipate that we will need to implement a variety of new and upgraded operational and financial systems, procedures and controls, including the improvement of our accounting and other internal management systems. We will also need to continue to expand, train, manage and motivate our workforce and manage our relationships with customers and suppliers. All of these endeavors involve risks, and will require substantial management effort and significant additional expenditures. We may not be able to manage our growth or execute our strategies effectively, and any failure to do so may have a material adverse effect on our business and prospects.

Our marketing strategy of appealing to and growing sales to a more diversified group of users may not be successful.

Our marketing is aimed at reinforcing customer perceptions of our brand as a premium brand. We aim to provide users with a good user experiences. We cannot assure you that our services or our efforts in products will be successful, which could impact our revenues as well as customer satisfaction and our marketing.

To grow the business over the long term, we must be successful in selling products and services and promoting our brand experiences to a broader scope of customers and more users. We must also execute our diversification strategy without adversely impacting the strength of our brand with core users. Failure to successfully drive demand for our e-bicycles, e-mopeds, e-tricycles, and e-carts may have a material adverse effect on our business and results of operations.

Our products and services may experience quality problems from time to time, which could result in decreased sales, adversely affect our results of operations and harm our reputation.

Our products and services may contain design and manufacturing defects. There can be no assurance that we will be able to detect and fix all defects in the products and services we offer. Failure to do so could result in lost revenues, significant warranty and other expenses and harm to our reputation.

Additionally, we source and purchase key components in our operations and production from third-party suppliers, such as tires, motors and controllers. The quality and functions of these key components supplied by suppliers may not be consistent with and maintained at our standard, even if we have adopted examination processes when we receive the components. Any defects or quality issues in these key components or any noncompliance incidents associated with these third-party suppliers could result in quality issues with our products, and hence compromise our brand image and results of operations.

We rely heavily on dealers for sales and distribution of our products and our success depends on our offline distribution network.

We have established a distinct whole-sales network to sell our products and services to our dealers. As of December 31, 2025, we had approximately 32 domestic dealers in China, and approximately 132 foreign dealers around the world. We sell products to dealers directly, which are our important business partners to market our products, provide services to end-users, and show our brand images. We rely on these dealers in China to directly interact with and serve our users, but the interest of our dealers may not be entirely aligned with ours or with that of other dealers. For the fiscal year ended December 31, 2025, there are three dealers accounted for greater than 10% of our net accounts receivable. There can be no assurance that we will be able to maintain our existing relationships with our dealers. Additionally, our existing dealers may not be able to maintain past levels of sales or expand their sales. In addition, as we seek to expand into new regions in China, we cannot assure you that we will be able to successfully establish and maintain relationships with new dealers in these regions on favorable terms or at all.

Furthermore, we cannot assure you that we will be successful in managing our dealers and detecting inconsistencies with our brand image or values or noncompliance with the provisions of our sales agreements by them. Any noncompliance by our dealers could, among other things, negatively affect our brand reputation, demands for our products and our relationships with other dealers. Any of these could have a material and adverse effect on our business, financial condition, results of operations and prospects.

Default in payment by clients that have large account receivable balances could adversely impact our cash flows, working capital, results of operations and financial condition.

Our net accounts receivable balance was $3,107,520 as of December 31, 2025. 

We are subject to the risk that we may be unable to collect accounts receivable in a timely manner. As a result, our dealers may not be able to pay us in a timely fashion and our accounts receivable and allowance for doubtful accounts may accordingly increase. Our liquidity and cash flows from operations may be adversely affected if our accounts receivable cycles or collections periods lengthen or if we encounter a material increase in defaults of payment of our account receivable.

In order to mitigate such risks, we conduct rigorous due diligence checks on the dealers and regularly assess the creditworthiness of corporate account clients. However, these mitigating efforts cannot ensure that we will be able to collect accounts receivable. If the accounts receivable cannot be collected in time, or at all, a significant amount of bad debt expense will occur, and our business, financial condition and results of operation will likely be materially and adversely affected.

We may be subject to product liability claims if people or properties are harmed by our products and we may be compelled to undertake product recalls or take other actions, which could adversely affect our brand image and results of operations.

We are subject to product liability claims for our sold products. As a result, sales of such products could expose us to product liability claims relating to personal injury or property damage and may require product recalls or other actions. Third parties subject to such injury or damage may bring claims or legal proceedings against us as the manufacturer of the products. In the future, we may at various times, voluntarily or involuntarily, initiate a recall if any of our products, including any systems or parts sourced from our suppliers, prove to be defective or noncompliant with applicable laws and regulations. Such recalls, whether voluntary or involuntary or caused by systems or components engineered or manufactured by us or our suppliers, could involve significant expense and could adversely affect our brand image in our target markets, as well as our business, prospects, financial condition and results of operations.

The e-bicycles, e-moped, e-tricycles, and e-carts, and AI-related products and services industries experience significant product liability claims and we face inherent risk of exposure to claims in the event our products do not perform as expected or malfunction resulting in property damage, personal injury or death. A successful product liability claim against us could require us to pay a substantial monetary award. Moreover, a product liability claim could generate substantial negative publicity about our products and business and inhibit or prevent commercialization of our future products which would have material adverse effect on our brand, business, prospects and operating results. As of December 31, 2025, we did not maintain any insurance to cover product liability claims . Any insurance coverage might not be sufficient to cover all potential product liability claims. Any lawsuit seeking significant monetary damages may have a material adverse effect on our reputation, business and financial condition.

We generally provide various warranties on different components and parts of our products to the dealers. In China, we provide extended quality warranty to our users for terms varying from three months to one year, excluding the vulnerable parts subject to certain conditions, among others, including that warranty only applies to normal use and quality issues. The occurrence of any material defects in our products could make us liable for damages and warranty claims in excess of our current reserves. In addition, we could incur costs to correct any defects, warranty claims or other problems, including costs related to product recalls. Any negative publicity related to the perceived quality of our products could affect our brand image, retailers, dealers and customer demands, and adversely affect our operating results and financial condition. While our warranty is limited to repairs and returns, warranty claims may result in litigation, the occurrence of which could adversely affect our business and operating results.

Our products are subject to safety and other standards issued by the Chinese regulatory authorities and failure to satisfy such mandated standards would have a material adverse effect on our business and operating results.

Our products must comply with the safety standards of the market where they are sold. In China, electric vehicles must meet or exceed all mandated safety standards, including national level and local level standards. It is required under these standards to conduct rigorous testing and use approved materials and equipment.

Electric bicycles must meet the safety requirements set out in the Safety Technical Specification for Electric Bicycle (GB17761-2018), or the Electric Bicycle Standard, which was jointly issued by the State Administration for Market Regulation and the National Standardization Administration of China on May 15, 2018 and came into effect on April 15, 2019. Electric vehicles, as one type of the power-driven vehicles, must also meet the safety requirements set out in the Technical Specifications for Safety of Power-Driven Vehicles Operating on Roads (GB7258-2017), which was jointly issued by the AQSIQ and National Standardization Administration of China on September 29, 2017 and took effect in January 1, 2018. Furthermore, the Safety Specifications for Electric Motorcycles and Electric Mopeds (GB24155-2020), which issued by the State Administration for Market Regulation and the National Standardization Administration of China in May 2020 and became effective on January 1, 2021, also stipulates some specific safety requirements for electric motorcycles. There is no guarantee that our products will satisfy the relevant standard and requirements for electric bicycles or motorcycles, and we may be required to satisfy additional industry standards and face regulation changes relating to electric bicycle and motorcycle business in the future. If our models were found to be in non-compliance of relevant laws and regulations, the models in question would be prohibited from being sold in the Chinese market, which would in turn materially and adversely affect our sales and revenue, and cause damage to our brand and result in liabilities.

Furthermore, the electric bicycles and motorcycles must pass various tests, undergo a certification process and finally be affixed with China Compulsory Certification, or CCC, prior to being delivered from the factory, being sold, or being used in any commercial case in China, and such certification is also subject to periodic renewal. On March 14, 2019, the Opinions of the State Administration for Market Regulation, the MITT and the Ministry of Public Security on Intensifying Supervision of the Execution of National Standards for Electric Bicycles, or the Opinions, was promulgated. The Opinions provide that the market supervision department should strengthen the management of CCC certification for electric bicycles, strengthen inspections of certification agencies and manufacture enterprises, and should only allow vehicles that meet the Electric Bicycle Standards and obtained CCC certification flowing into the market. There is no guarantee, however, that all series of our products will always comply with the CCC standard and satisfy the requirements of CCC certification, or that we will be able to renew our current certification or certify timely our new products in the future. If our products were found to be in non-compliance with the CCC standard sold in China, we would be prohibited from selling electric vehicles in the Chinese market, which would in turn materially and adversely affect our sales and revenue, and cause damage to our brand and result in liabilities.

We may not be able to prevent others from unauthorized use of our intellectual property, which could harm our business and competitive position.

We consider our copyrights, trademarks, trade names, internet domain names, patents and other intellectual property rights invaluable to our ability to continue to develop and enhance our brand recognition. We have invested significant resources to develop our own intellectual property. Failure to maintain or protect these rights could harm our business. We rely on a combination of patents, patent applications, trade secrets, including know-how, copyright laws, trademarks, intellectual property licenses, contractual rights and any other agreements to establish and protect our proprietary rights in our technology. In addition, we enter into confidentiality and non-disclosure agreements with our employees and business partners. Statutory laws and regulations are subject to judicial interpretation and enforcement and may not be applied consistently due to the lack of clear guidance on statutory interpretation. Contractual rights may be breached by counterparties, and there may not be adequate remedies available to us for any such breach.

The measures we take to protect our intellectual property rights may not be sufficient or adequate to prevent infringement on or misuse of our intellectual property. Any unauthorized use of our intellectual property by third parties may adversely affect our current and future revenues and our reputation. Preventing unauthorized uses of intellectual property rights could be difficult, costly and time-consuming, particularly in China. Litigation may be necessary to enforce our intellectual property rights. Initiating infringement proceedings against third parties can be expensive and time-consuming, and divert management’s attention from other business concerns. We may not prevail in litigation to enforce our intellectual property rights against unauthorized use. Furthermore, the practice of intellectual property rights enforcement by the PRC regulatory authorities is subject to significant uncertainty. We may have to resort to litigation to protect our intellectual property rights. Failure to adequately protect our intellectual property could harm our brand name and materially affect our business and results of operations.

We may need to defend ourselves against patent, trademark or other proprietary rights infringement claims, which may be time-consuming and would cause us to incur substantial costs.

Companies, organizations or individuals, including our competitors, may hold or obtain patents, trademarks or other proprietary rights that would prevent, limit or interfere with our ability to make, use, develop, sell or market our products, and AI-related products and services, which could make it more difficult for us to operate our business. From time to time, we may receive communications from holders of patents or trademarks regarding their proprietary rights. Companies holding patents or other intellectual property rights may bring suits alleging infringement of such rights or otherwise assert their rights and urge us to take licenses. Our applications and uses of patents and trademarks relating to our design, software or artificial intelligence technologies could be found to infringe upon existing patents and trademark ownership and rights.

Additionally, we may fail to own or apply for key trademarks in a timely fashion, or at all, which may damage our reputation and brand. Additionally, we receive from time-to-time letters alleging infringement of patents, trademarks or other intellectual property rights by us. If the similar trademark were to pass the preliminary review by the PRC regulatory authorities, we plan to contest against the application decision in question during the announcement period.

As our patents may expire and may not be extended, our patent applications may not be granted and our patent rights may be contested, circumvented, invalidated or limited in scope, our patent rights may not protect us effectively.

As of December 31, 2025, we owned 136 trademarks such as “LOBOEV,” WEIQI,” in the 12^th category, vehicle segment, 40 registered patents, 21 copyrights, and 12 patent applications in China. For our pending applications, we cannot assure you that we will be granted patents pursuant to our pending applications. Even if our patent applications succeed and we are issued patents in accordance with them, it is still uncertain whether these patents will be contested, circumvented or invalidated in the future.

In addition, the rights granted under any issued patents may not provide us with proprietary protection or competitive advantages. The claims under any patents that issue from our patent applications may not be broad enough to prevent others from developing technologies that are similar or that achieve results similar to ours. It is also possible that the intellectual property rights of others will bar us from licensing and from exploiting any patents that are issued from our pending applications. Numerous patents and pending patent applications owned by others exist in the fields in which we have developed and are developing our technology. These patents and patent applications might have priority over our patent applications and could subject our patent applications to invalidation. Finally, in addition to those who may claim priority, any of our existing or pending patents may also be challenged by others on the basis that they are otherwise invalid or unenforceable.

We may be materially and adversely affected by negative publicity.

We rely on our brand image in selling our products. Negative publicity relating to our products, shareholders, management, employees, operations, suppliers, dealers, industry or products similar to ours, could materially and adversely affect consumer perceptions of our brand and result in decreased demand for our products. As of the date of this annual report, we had not received any negative publicity. However, there can be no assurance that we will not experience negative publicity in the future or that such negative publicity will not have a material adverse effect on our business, results of operations, financial condition or prospects.

We may fail to comply with legal or regulatory requirements or to obtain or adhere to requirements under relevant licenses, permits, registrations or certificates.

Our manufacturing and other production facilities as well as the packaging, storage, distribution, advertising and labeling of our products, and AI-related products and services, are subject to extensive legal and regulatory requirements. For example, pursuant to the Opinions of the State Administration for Market Regulation, the MITT and the Ministry of Public Security on Intensifying Supervision of the Execution of National Standards for Electric Bicycles, we must maintain the CCC certification for our products. Loss of or failure to renew or obtain necessary permits, licenses, registrations or certificates could delay or prevent us from meeting product demand, introducing new products, building new facilities or acquiring new business and could materially and adversely affect our operating results. If we are found to be in violation of applicable laws and regulations, we could be subject to administrative punishment, including fines, injunctions, recalls or asset seizures, as well as potential criminal sanctions, any of which could have a material adverse effect on our business, financial condition, results of operations and prospects.

In addition, future material changes in industry standards, laws and regulations, such as increased restrictions on manufacturers, could result in increased operating costs or affect our ordinary operations, which could also have a material adverse effect on our operations and our financial results. We largely rely on our self-established standards concerning the production and quality control of such products. While we are committed to producing high-quality products, there can be no assurance that our current production or quality control standards will satisfy any applicable laws and regulations that may come into effect in the future.

We are subject to a variety of costs and risks due to our continued expansion that may not be successful and could adversely affect our profitability and operating results.

We may enter into new geographic markets where we have limited or no experiences in marketing, selling, and localizing and deploying our products. We also may increase the capacity of manufacture, sales, and operations. Business expansion may be subject to risks such as:

● costs associated with establishing new distribution networks;

● difficulty finding qualified dealers in the new markets;

● difficulty integrating new operations or new product manufacture;

● difficulties staffing and with management techniques; and

● burdens of complying with a wide variety of local laws and regulations.

The occurrence of any of these risks could negatively affect our business in the new markets and consequently our business and operating results. In addition, the concern over these risks may also prevent us from entering into or releasing certain of our smart e-scooters in certain markets.

We rely on third-party logistic service providers to deliver our orders.

We typically rely on third-party logistic service providers to deliver orders. Damage or disruption to our distribution logistics due to disputes, weather, natural disasters, fire, explosions, terrorism, pandemics or labor strikes could impair our ability to distribute or sell our products. Inadequate third-party logistics services could also potentially disrupt our distribution and sales and compromise our business reputation. Failure to take adequate steps to mitigate the likelihood or potential impact of such events, or to effectively manage such events if they occur, could adversely affect our business, financial condition and results of operations, as well as require additional resources to restore our supply chain.

Our operations may be interrupted by production difficulties due to mechanical failures, utility shortages or stoppages, fire, natural disaster or other calamities at or near our facilities.

We are reliant on equipment and technology in our facilities for the production and quality control of our products, and our operations are subject to production difficulties such as capacity constraints of our production facilities, mechanical and systems failures and the need for construction and equipment upgrades, any of which may cause the suspension of production or/and reduced output. There can be no assurance that we will not experience problems with our equipment or technology in the future or that we will be able to address any such problems in a timely manner. Problems with key equipment or technology in one or more of our production facilities may affect our ability to produce our products or cause us to incur significant expense to repair or replace such equipment or technology. Also, scheduled and unscheduled maintenance programs may affect our production output. Any of these could have a material adverse effect on our business, financial condition, results of operations and prospects.

Furthermore, we depend on a continuous supply of utilities, such as electricity and water, to operate our production facilities. Any disruption to the supply of electricity or other utilities to our production facilities may disrupt our production, or cause the deterioration or loss of our inventory. This could adversely affect our ability to fulfill our sales orders and consequently may have an adverse effect on our business and results of operations. In addition, our operations are subject to operational risks. Fire, natural disasters, pandemics or extreme weather, including earthquakes, droughts, floods, typhoons or other storms, or excessive cold or heat could cause power outages, fuel shortages, water shortages, damage to our production, processing or distribution facilities or disruption of transportation channels, any of which could impair or interfere with our operations. We cannot assure you that these events will not happen in the future or that we will be able to take adequate measures to mitigate the potential impact of such events, or to effectively respond to such events if they occur, which could materially and adversely affect our business, financial condition and results of operations.

If our suppliers or dealers fail to use ethical business practices and comply with applicable laws and regulations, our brand image could be harmed due to negative publicity.

Our core values, which include developing competitive products and AI-related products and services while operating with integrity, are an important component of our brand image, which makes our reputation sensitive to allegations of unethical business practices. We do not control the business practices of our independent suppliers or dealers. Accordingly, we cannot guarantee their compliance with ethical business practices, such as environmental responsibilities and fair wage practices. A lack of demonstrated compliance could lead us to seek alternative suppliers or dealers which could increase our costs and results in delayed delivery of our products or other disruptions of our operations.

Violation of labor or other laws by our suppliers or dealers or the divergence of their labor or other practices from those generally accepted as ethical in the markets in which we do business could also attract negative publicity for us and our brand. This could diminish the value of our brand image and reduce demand for our products if, as a result of such violation, we were to attract negative publicity. If we, or other players in our industry, encounter similar problems in the future, it could harm our brand image, business, prospects, results of operations and financial condition.

Our success depends on our ability to retain our core management team and other key personnel.

Our performance depends on the continued service and performance of our directors, officers and senior management as they are expected to play an important role in guiding the implementation of our business strategies and future plans. If any of our directors, officers or any members of our senior management were to terminate their service or employment, there can be no assurance that we would be able to find suitable replacements in a timely manner, at acceptable cost or at all. The loss of services of key personnel or the inability to identify, hire, train and retain other qualified and managerial personnel in the future may materially and adversely affect our business, financial condition, results of operations and prospects. Additionally, we rely on our research and development personnel for product development and technology innovation. If any of our key research and development personnel were to leave us, we cannot assure you that we can secure equally competent research and development personnel in a timely manner, or at all.

Higher employee costs and inflation may adversely affect our business and our ability to achieve or maintain profitability.

China’s overall economy and the average wage in China have increased in recent years and are expected to grow. The average wage level for our employees has also increased in recent years. We expect that our employee costs, including wages and employee benefits, will increase. Unless we are able to pass on these increased employee costs to those who pay for our products and services, our ability to achieve or maintain profitability and our results of operations may be materially and adversely affected.

Our costs and expenses may also be affected by China’s inflation level. Since our inception, inflation in China has not materially impacted our results of operations. Although we have not in the past been materially affected by inflation since our inception, we can provide no assurance that we will not be affected in the future by higher rates of inflation in China.

We rely substantially on external suppliers for certain components and raw materials used in our products.

We purchase certain key components and raw material, such as batteries, motors, tires, battery chargers and controllers from external suppliers for use in our operations and production of products, and a continuous and stable supply of these components and raw materials that meet our standards is crucial to our operations and production. We normally enter into one-year procurement agreements with our main external suppliers. We expect to continue to rely on external suppliers for a substantial percentage of our production requirements in the future. We had no suppliers each accounting for greater than 10% of our total purchases in 2025 . We cannot assure you that we will be able to maintain our existing relationships with these suppliers and continue to be able to source electric motors, batteries or other key components and raw materials we use in our products on a stable basis and at a reasonable price or at all. For example, our suppliers may increase the prices for the components or materials we purchase and/or experience disruptions in their production of the components or materials.

The supply chain also exposes us to multiple potential sources of delivery failure or component shortages. While we obtain components from multiple sources whenever possible, some of the components used in our products are purchased by us from a single source. In the event that the supply of key components is interrupted for whatever reason or there are significant increases in the prices of these key components, our business, financial condition, results of operations and prospects may be materially and adversely affected. Additionally, changes in business conditions, force majeure, governmental changes and other factors beyond our control or that we do not presently anticipate could also affect our suppliers’ ability to deliver components to us on a timely basis.

We incur significant costs related to procuring components and raw materials required to manufacture and assemble our products. The prices for the components and raw materials fluctuate depending on factors beyond our control including market conditions and demand for these components and materials. Substantial increases in the prices for the components or raw materials we use in producing our products would increase our costs and reduce our margins. Any of the foregoing could materially and adversely affect our results of operations, financial condition and prospects. To date, we have not experienced cybersecurity attacks in our supply chain.

Any significant cybersecurity incident or disruption of our information technology systems or those of third-party partners could materially damage user relationships and subject us to significant reputational, financial, legal and operation consequences.

We depend on our enterprise resource planning (ERP) systems and claw agents, as well as those of third parties, to develop new products and services, store data, process transactions, respond to user inquiries, and manage inventory and our supply chain. Any material disruption or slowdown of our systems or those of third parties whom we depend upon could cause outages or delays in our business, which could harm our brand and adversely affect our operating results. We rely on cloud servers maintained by cloud service providers to store our data, and all of the data we collect are hosted at third-party cloud service providers.

Problems with our cloud service providers or the telecommunications network providers with whom they contract could adversely affect the user experience delivered by us. Our cloud service providers could decide to cease providing us services without adequate notice. Any change in service levels at our cloud servers or any errors, defects, disruptions or other performance problems with our information technology systems could harm our brand and may damage the data of our users. If changes in technology cause our information technology systems, or those of third parties whom we depend upon, to become obsolete, or if our or their information systems are inadequate to handle our growth, we could lose users, and our business and operating results could be adversely affected.

Changes in international trade policies, or the escalation of tensions in international relations, particularly with regard to China, may adversely impact our business and operating results.

There have been heightened tensions in international relations, particularly between the United States and China in recent years. The U.S. government has made statements and taken certain actions that have led to significant changes to U.S. and international trade policies towards China. In April 2025, the U.S. government imposed substantial tariff increases on Chinese imports, with rates reaching as high as 145% on certain goods. China has responded with retaliatory tariffs on U.S. products, escalating trade tensions between the two countries. It remains unclear what additional actions, if any, will be taken by the U.S. or other governments with respect to international trade agreements, the imposition of tariffs on goods imported into the U.S., tax policy related to international commerce, export controls, or other trade matters. Any unfavorable government policies on international trade, such as capital controls, tariffs, export restrictions, or limitations on the U.S. dollar payment and settlement system may affect the demand for our products, impact the competitive position of our products, prevent us from selling products in certain countries, or affect our participation in the U.S. dollar payment and settlement system, which would materially and adversely affect our international operations, results of operations and financial condition. If any new tariffs, legislation and/or regulations are implemented, or if existing trade agreements are renegotiated or, in particular, if the U.S. government takes further retaliatory trade actions due to the ongoing U.S.-China trade tensions, such changes could have an adverse effect on our business, financial condition and results of operations.

In addition to trade related tensions between China and the United States, the U.S. government has escalated tensions between the U.S. and China by revoking Hong Kong’s special trading status. Also, the Congress of the United States enacted the Uyghur Forced Labor Prevention Act (UFLPA) in December 2021. Effective from June 21, 2022, the UFLPA creates a rebuttable presumption that goods mined, produced, or manufactured (wholly or in part) in China’s Xinjiang Uyghur Autonomous Region are made with forced labor, where goods designated as such will be subject to an import ban into the United States. The President of the United States may also impose sanctions on companies that knowingly engage in, are responsible for, or facilitate forced labor in Xinjiang. Our factories are not in the Xinjiang Uyghur Autonomous Region of China (“XUAR”), and therefore, we do not experience labor shortages that impact our daily business. We have implemented policies and controls to mitigate risk of forced labor in our supply chain, and we do not believe that our suppliers source materials from the XUAR. However, these legal and policy developments could disrupt our supply chain or cause our suppliers to renegotiate existing arrangements with us or fail to perform on such obligations. To the extent we identify any potential non-compliance by any of our suppliers, we may have to find and establish relationships with alternative qualified suppliers under commercially acceptable terms. We cannot assure you that we will be able to do so in a timely manner. Under extreme situations, we may be subject to negative publicity or even be subject to regulatory actions, which may negatively affect our reputation and brand image, our business and results of operations, and may materially and adversely affect the price of our ordinary shares.

The ongoing war in Ukraine and sanctions on Russia continue to contribute to uncertainties in the relations between China and the United States, and tensions between these two countries remain elevated. These tensions have affected both diplomatic and economic ties between the two countries. Heightened tensions could reduce levels of trade, investments, technological exchanges, and other economic activities between the two major economies. The direct impacts of the war in Ukraine and sanctions on Russia to our business remain limited because we do not source our raw materials from the European Union, Russia, or Ukraine and can seek alternative suppliers to our current suppliers in China without undue cost or effort. However, the existing tensions and any further deterioration in international relations may have a negative impact on the general, economic, political, and social conditions in China and, given our reliance on the Chinese market, adversely impact our business, financial condition, and results of operations.

Our business plans require a significant amount of capital. In addition, our future capital needs may require us to issue additional equity or debt securities that may dilute the interests of our shareholders or introduce covenants that may restrict our operations or our ability to pay dividends.

We will need significant capital to, among other things, conduct research and development and expand our production capacity as well as roll out new products. We also expect to require significant capital and incur substantial costs in upgrading and expanding our manufacturing plant in China. As we ramp up our production capacity, operations, and research and development, we may also require significant capital to maintain our property, plant and equipment and such costs may be greater than anticipated.

Our ability to obtain the necessary financing to carry out our business plan is subject to a number of factors, including general market conditions and investor acceptance of our business plan. These factors may make the timing, amount, terms and conditions of such financing unattractive or unavailable to us. If we are unable to raise sufficient funds, we will have to significantly reduce our spending, delay or cancel our planned activities or substantially change our current corporate structure. We might not be able to obtain any funding, and we might not have sufficient resources to conduct our business as projected, both of which could mean that we would be forced to curtail or discontinue our operations.

An economic downturn or economic uncertainty may adversely affect consumer discretionary spending and demand for our products and services.

Our products and services may be considered discretionary items for some consumers. Factors affecting the level of consumer spending for such discretionary items include general economic conditions, and other factors, such as consumer confidence in future economic conditions, fears of recession, the availability and cost of consumer credit, levels of unemployment and tax rates. As global economic uncertainty remains, trends in consumer discretionary spending also remain unpredictable and subject to reductions. Unfavorable economic conditions may lead consumers to delay or reduce purchases of our products and services and consumer demand for our products and services may not grow as we expect. Our sensitivity to economic cycles and any related fluctuation in consumer demand for our products and services may have an adverse effect on our operating results and financial condition.

As of December 31, 2025, we do not have insurance coverage, which could expose us to significant costs and business disruption.

We are exposed to various risks associated with our business and operations, and we do not have liability insurance coverage. A successful liability claim against us due to injuries or damages suffered by our users could materially and adversely affect our reputation, results of operations and financial conditions. Even if unsuccessful, such a claim could cause us adverse publicity, require substantial costs to defend, and divert the time and attention of our management. In addition, we do not have any business disruption insurance. Any business disruption event could result in substantial costs to us and a diversion of our resources.

Competition for highly skilled personnel is often intense and we may incur significant costs or be unsuccessful in attracting, integrating, or retaining qualified personnel to fulfill our current or future needs.

We have, from time to time, experienced, and we expect to continue to experience, difficulty in hiring and retaining highly skilled employees with appropriate qualifications. In addition, if any of our senior management or key personnel joins a competitor or engages in a competing business, we may lose business, knowhow, trade secrets, business partners and key personnel. Furthermore, prospective candidates and existing employees often consider the value of the equity awards they receive in connection with their employment. Thus, our ability to attract or retain highly skilled employees may be adversely affected by declines in the perceived value of our equity or equity awards. Furthermore, there are no assurances that the number of shares reserved for issuance under our share incentive plans will be sufficient to grant equity awards adequate to recruit new employees and to compensate existing employees.

We are or may be subject to risks associated with our joint research arrangement, strategic alliances or acquisitions.

We have entered into joint research and development agreements with Jiangsu Research Institute of Dalian University of Technology and Jinan University, respectively, to conduct research and development in several different prospects. We may in the future enter into joint research and development agreements with various third parties to further our business purpose from time to time. The collaborations could subject us to a number of risks, including risks associated with sharing proprietary information, non-performance by the third party and increased expenses in establishing new strategic alliances, any of which may materially and adversely affect our business. We may have limited ability to monitor or control the actions of these third parties and, to the extent any of these strategic third parties suffers negative publicity or harm to their reputation from events relating to their business, we may also suffer negative publicity or harm to our reputation by virtue of our association with any such third party.

If appropriate opportunities arise, we may acquire additional assets, products, technologies or business that are complementary to our existing business. In addition to possible shareholders’ approval, we may also have to obtain approvals and licenses from relevant government authorities for the acquisitions and to comply with any applicable PRC laws and regulations, which could result in increased delay and costs, and may derail our business strategy if we fail to do so. Furthermore, past and future acquisitions and the subsequent integration of new assets and business into our own require significant attention from our management and could result in a diversion of resources from our existing business, which in turn could have an adverse effect on our business operations. Acquired assets or business may not generate the financial results we expect. Acquisitions could result in the use of substantial amounts of cash, potentially dilutive issuances of equity securities, the occurrence of significant goodwill impairment charges, amortization expenses for other intangible assets and exposure to potential unknown liabilities of the acquired business. Moreover, the costs of identifying and consummating acquisitions may be significant.

Our business could be adversely affected by trade tariffs or other trade barriers.

Starting from early 2018, the U.S. announced the imposition of tariffs on Chinese goods entering the United States and both China and the U.S. each imposed additional tariffs. In April 2025, the U.S. government introduced a new series of tariff increases on Chinese imports. The United States may also in the future impose tariffs on the importation of consumer products that may affect our business, including, among others, electric vehicles. In addition, the European Union has imposed additional tariffs on imports of e-bikes, which are defined as cycle with pedal assistance and an auxiliary electric motor, originating in the PRC. We currently export e-bikes into the United States, the Republic of Korea, ASEAN countries, and Latin American countries through our dealers, and we may increase our export volume through our dealers. To date, the impact of export restrictions, sanctions, tariffs, trade barriers, or political or trade tensions from these countries to our products is limited. However, ASEAN countries, and Latin American countries may in the future also impose tariffs on electric vehicles or other products that we currently sell to them, which may cause us to incur significant additional costs to conduct business and operation in the these countries. It is not yet clear what impact these tariffs may have or what actions other governments, including the Chinese government, may take in retaliation. In addition, these developments could have a material adverse effect on global economic conditions and the stability of global financial markets. Any of these factors could have a material adverse effect on our business, financial condition and results of operations.

Risks Related to Doing Business in China

Changes in China’s economic, political or social conditions or government policies could have a material and adverse effect on our business and results of operations.

Substantially all of our revenues are expected to be derived in China in the near future and most of our operations, including all of our manufacturing, is conducted in China. Accordingly, our results of operations, financial condition and prospects are influenced by economic, political and legal developments in China. China’s economy differs from the economies of most developed countries in many respects, including with respect to the amount of government involvement, level of development, growth rate, control of foreign exchange and allocation of resources. The PRC government exercises significant control over China’s economic growth through strategically allocating resources, controlling the payment of foreign currency-denominated obligations, setting monetary policy and providing preferential treatment to particular industries or companies different regions within the country. Any adverse changes in economic conditions in China, in the policies of the Chinese government or in the laws and regulations in China could have a material adverse effect on the overall economic growth of China. Such developments could adversely affect our business and operating results, leading to reduction in demand for our products and services and adversely affect our competitive position.

Uncertainties in the interpretation and enforcement of PRC laws and regulations could limit the legal protections available to you and us.

The PRC legal system is a civil law system based on written statutes. Unlike the common law system, prior court decisions may be cited for reference but have limited precedential value. Our PRC subsidiaries are foreign-invested enterprises and are subject to laws and regulations applicable to foreign-invested enterprises as well as various Chinese laws and regulations generally applicable to companies incorporated in China. However, since these laws and regulations are relatively new and the PRC legal system continues to rapidly evolve, the interpretations of many laws, regulations and rules are not always uniform and enforcement of these laws, regulations and rules involves uncertainties.

From time to time, we may have to resort to administrative and court proceedings to enforce our legal rights. However, since the PRC administrative and court authorities have significant discretion in interpreting and implementing statutory and contractual terms, it may be more difficult to evaluate the outcome of administrative and court proceedings and the level of protection we enjoy than in more developed legal systems. Furthermore, the PRC legal system is based in part on government policies and internal rules, some of which are not published on a timely basis or at all, and which may have a retroactive effect. As a result, we may not be aware of our violation of any of these policies and rules until sometime after the violation. Such uncertainties, including uncertainty over the scope and effect of our contractual, property (including intellectual property) and procedural rights, and any failure to respond to changes in the regulatory environment in China could materially and adversely affect our business and impede our ability to continue our operations.

We may rely on dividends and other distributions on equity paid by our PRC subsidiaries to fund any cash and financing requirements we may have, and any limitation on the ability of our PRC subsidiaries to make payments to us could have a material and adverse effect on our ability to conduct our business.

We are a holding company, and we may rely on dividends and other distributions on equity paid by our PRC subsidiaries for our cash and financing requirements, including the funds necessary to pay dividends and other cash distributions to our shareholders and service any debt we may incur. Current PRC regulations permit our PRC subsidiaries to pay dividends to us only out of their accumulated after-tax profits upon satisfaction of relevant statutory conditions and procedures, if any, determined in accordance with Chinese accounting standards and regulations. In addition, each of our PRC subsidiaries is required to set aside at least 10% of its accumulated profits each year, if any, to fund certain reserve funds until the total amount set aside reaches 50% of its registered capital. As of December 31, 2025, the Company recorded a total statutory reserve of $164,444.  Additionally, if our PRC subsidiaries incur debt on their own behalf in the future, the instruments governing their debt may restrict their ability to pay dividends or make other distributions to us.

Any limitation on the ability of our PRC subsidiaries to pay dividends or make other distributions to us could materially and adversely limit our ability to grow, make investments or acquisitions that could be beneficial to our business, pay dividends, or otherwise fund and conduct our business.

Increases in labor costs and enforcement of stricter labor laws and regulations in the PRC may adversely affect our business and our profitability.

China’s overall economy and the average wage in China have increased in recent years and are expected to continue to grow. The average wage level for our employees has also increased in recent years. We expect that our labor costs, including wages and employee benefits, will continue to increase. Unless we are able to pass on these increased labor costs to those who pay for our services, our profitability and results of operations may be materially and adversely affected.

In addition, we have been subject to stricter regulatory requirements in terms of entering into labor contracts with our employees and paying various statutory employee benefits, including pensions, housing fund, medical insurance, work-related injury insurance, unemployment insurance and maternity insurance to designated government agencies for the benefit of our employees. Pursuant to the PRC Labor Contract Law and its implementation rules, employers are subject to stricter requirements in terms of signing labor contracts, minimum wages, paying remuneration, determining the term of employee’s probation and unilaterally terminating labor contracts. In the event that we decide to terminate some of our employees or otherwise change our employment or labor practices, the PRC Labor Contract Law and its implementation rules may limit our ability to effect those changes in a desirable or cost-effective manner, which could adversely affect our business and results of operations.

Companies registered and operating in China are required under the Social Insurance Law and the Regulations on the Administration of Housing Funds to apply for social insurance registration and housing fund deposit registration within 30 days of their establishment and to pay for their employees different social insurance including pension insurance, medical insurance, work-related injury insurance, unemployment insurance and maternity insurance to the extent required by law. We could be subject to orders by the competent labor authorities for rectification and failure to comply with the orders may further subject us to administrative fines.

According to the Provisional Regulations on Labor Dispatch implemented on March 1, 2014, the employer can only use dispatched workers for temporary, auxiliary or substitute positions. Additionally, the employer shall not use more dispatched workers than 10% of the total number of employees, and if this proportion is exceeded, the employer must not use any additional dispatched workers.

As the interpretation and implementation of labor-related laws and regulations are still evolving, we cannot assure you that our employment practices do not and will not violate labor-related laws and regulations in China, which may subject us to labor disputes or government investigations. We cannot assure you that we have complied or will be able to comply with all labor-related law and regulations including those relating to obligations to make social insurance payments and contribute to the housing provident funds. If we are deemed to have violated relevant labor laws and regulations, we could be required to provide additional compensation to our employees and our business, financial condition and results of operations will be adversely affected.

Fluctuations in exchange rates could have a material and adverse effect on our results of operations and the value of your investment.

The value of Renminbi against the U.S. dollar and other currencies is affected by changes in China’s political and economic conditions and by China’s foreign exchange policies, among other things. In July 2005, the PRC government changed its decades-old policy of pegging the value of Renminbi to the U.S. dollar, and Renminbi appreciated more than 20% against the U.S. dollar over the following three years. Between July 2008 and June 2010, this appreciation halted and the exchange rate between Renminbi and the U.S. dollar remained within a narrow band. Since June 2010, Renminbi has fluctuated against the U.S. dollar, at times significantly and unpredictably. With the development of the foreign exchange market and progress towards interest rate liberalization and Renminbi internationalization, the PRC government may in the future announce further changes to the exchange rate system and we cannot assure you that Renminbi will not appreciate or depreciate significantly in value against the U.S. dollar in the future. It is difficult to predict how market forces or PRC or U.S. government policy may impact the exchange rate between Renminbi and the U.S. dollar in the future. Our export to the emerging markets may be substantially affected by the fluctuation of the exchange rate among Renminbi, the U.S. dollar, and the currencies of emerging markets.

There remains significant international pressure on the PRC government to adopt a more flexible currency policy. Any significant appreciation or depreciation of Renminbi may materially and adversely affect our revenues, earnings and financial position. For example, to the extent that we need to convert U.S. dollars we receive from this initial public offering into Renminbi to pay our operating expenses, appreciation of Renminbi against the U.S. dollar would have an adverse effect on the RMB amount we would receive from the conversion. Conversely, a significant depreciation of Renminbi against the U.S. dollar may significantly reduce the U.S. dollar equivalent of our earnings.

Very limited hedging options are available in China to reduce our exposure to exchange rate fluctuations. To date, we have not entered into any hedging transactions in an effort to reduce our exposure to foreign currency exchange risk. While we may decide to enter into hedging transactions in the future, the availability and effectiveness of these hedges may be limited and we may not be able to adequately hedge our exposure or at all. In addition, our currency exchange losses may be magnified by PRC exchange control regulations that restrict our ability to convert Renminbi into foreign currency. As a result, fluctuations in exchange rates may have a material adverse effect on your investment.

PRC regulation of loans to and direct investment in PRC entities by offshore holding companies and governmental control of currency conversion may delay or prevent us from using the proceeds of our offshore offerings to make loans to or make additional capital contributions to our PRC subsidiaries, which could materially and adversely affect our liquidity and our ability to fund and expand our business.

We are an offshore holding company with most of our operations conducted in China. Under PRC laws and regulations, we are permitted to utilize the proceeds from the IPO to make loans to our PRC subsidiaries, or to make additional capital contributions to our PRC subsidiaries, or to establish new PRC subsidiaries and make capital contributions to these new PRC subsidiaries, or to acquire offshore entities with business operations in China in an offshore transaction, subject to applicable government registration, statutory limitations on amount and approval requirements, each of which is subject to PRC regulations and approvals or registration.

If we decide to finance our wholly-owned PRC subsidiary by means of capital contributions, these capital contributions are subject to registration with the State Administration for Market Regulation or its local branch, reporting of foreign investment information with the Ministry of Commerce, or registration with other governmental authorities in China. If we provide funding to our foreign wholly-owned subsidiaries through shareholder loans, (a) in the event that the foreign debt management mechanism as provided in the Measures for Foreign Debts Registration and Administration and other relevant rules applies, the balance of such loans cannot exceed the difference between the total investment and the registered capital of the subsidiaries and we will need to register such loans with the SAFE or its local branches, or (b) in the event that the mechanism as provided in the Notice of the People’s Bank of China on Matters concerning the Macro-Prudential Management of Full-Covered Cross-Border Financing, or PBOC Notice No. 9 applies, the balance of such loans will be subject to the risk-weighted approach and the net asset limits and we will need to file the loans with the SAFE in its information system pursuant to applicable requirements and guidelines issued by the SAFE or its local branches. Pursuant to PBOC Notice No.9, upon expiry of the one-year transition period commencing on January 11, 2017, the PBOC and the SAFE would determine the cross-border financing administration mechanism for FIEs after evaluating the overall results of implementing PBOC Notice No.9. As of the date of this annual report, neither the PBOC nor the SAFE has promulgated and made public any further rules, regulations, notices, or circulars in this regard. However, it is uncertain what mechanism will be adopted by the PBOC and the SAFE in the future and what statutory limits will be imposed on loans provided by an offshore entity like our company to its PRC subsidiaries.

In light of the various requirements imposed by PRC regulations on loans to and direct investment in PRC entities by offshore holding companies, we cannot assure you that we will be able to complete the necessary registrations or obtain the necessary government approvals on a timely basis, if at all, with respect to future loans to our PRC subsidiaries or future capital contributions by us to our PRC subsidiaries. If we fail to complete such registrations or obtain such approvals, our ability to use the proceeds we received or expect to receive from our offshore offerings and to capitalize or otherwise fund our PRC operations may be negatively affected, which could materially and adversely affect our liquidity and our ability to fund and expand our business.

Governmental control of currency conversion may limit our ability to utilize our revenues effectively and affect the value of your investment.

The PRC government imposes controls on the convertibility of Renminbi into foreign currencies and, in certain cases, the remittance of currency out of China. Under existing PRC foreign exchange regulations, payments of current account items, such as profit distributions and trade and service-related foreign exchange transactions, can be made in foreign currencies without prior approval from the State Administration of Foreign Exchange, or SAFE, by complying with certain procedural requirements. However, approval from or registration with appropriate governmental authorities is required where Renminbi is to be converted into foreign currency and remitted out of China to pay capital expenses such as the repayment of loans denominated in foreign currencies.

Since 2016, the PRC government has tightened its foreign exchange policies again and increased scrutiny of major outbound capital movement. More restrictions and a substantial vetting process have been put in place by SAFE to regulate cross-border transactions falling under the capital account. The PRC government may also restrict access in the future to foreign currencies for current account transactions, at its discretion. We receive substantially all of our revenues in RMB. If the foreign exchange control system prevents us from obtaining sufficient foreign currencies to satisfy our foreign currency demands, we may not be able to pay dividends in foreign currencies to our shareholders.

PRC regulations relating to offshore investment activities by PRC residents may limit our PRC subsidiaries’ ability to increase their registered capital or distribute profits to us or otherwise expose us or our PRC resident beneficial owners to liability and penalties under PRC law.

On July 4, 2014, SAFE promulgated the Circular on Relevant Issues Relating to Domestic Resident’s Investment and Financing and Roundtrip Investment through Special Purpose Vehicles, or SAFE Circular 37, which replaced the former Notice on Relevant Issues Concerning Foreign Exchange Administration for PRC Residents to Engage in Financing and Inbound Investment via Overseas Special Purpose Vehicles (generally known as SAFE Circular 75) promulgated by SAFE on October 21, 2005. On February 13, 2015, SAFE further promulgated the Circular on Further Simplifying and Improving the Administration of the Foreign Exchange Concerning Direct Investment, or SAFE Circular 13, which took effect on June 1, 2015. This SAFE Circular 13 has amended SAFE Circular 37 by requiring PRC residents or entities to register with qualified banks rather than SAFE or its local branch in connection with their direct establishment or indirect control of an offshore entity established for the purpose of overseas investment or financing with such PRC residents’ legally owned assets or equity interests in domestic enterprises or offshore assets or interests. Qualified local banks will examine and handle foreign exchange registration for overseas direct investment, including the initial foreign exchange registration and amendment registration, under SAFE Circular 37 since June 1, 2015.

According to Circular 37 and Circular 13, our shareholders or beneficial owners who are PRC residents are subject to Circular 37 or other foreign exchange administrative regulations in respect of their investment in our Company. If our shareholders who are PRC residents or entities do not complete their registration with the local SAFE branches, our PRC subsidiaries may be prohibited from distributing their profits and any proceeds from any reduction in capital, share transfer or liquidation to us, and we may be restricted in our ability to contribute additional capital to our PRC subsidiaries. Moreover, failure to comply with SAFE registration requirements could result in liability under PRC laws for evasion of applicable foreign exchange restrictions.

To the best of our knowledge, our PRC resident shareholders who: (i) directly or indirectly hold shares in our BVI holding company and (ii) are known to us, have completed the application for foreign exchange registrations for their foreign investment in our company in accordance with Circular 37 and Circular 13.

China’s M&A Rules and certain other PRC regulations establish complex procedures for some acquisitions of PRC companies by foreign investors, which could make it more difficult for us to pursue growth through acquisitions in China.

On August 8, 2006, six PRC regulatory authorities, including the MOFCOM and other government authorities jointly issued the Rules on Mergers and Acquisitions of Domestic Enterprise by Foreign Investors which was effective as of September 8, 2006, and amended on June 22, 2009 (the “M&A Rules”). The M&A Rules, and other recently adopted regulations and rules concerning mergers and acquisitions established additional procedures and requirements that could make merger and acquisition activities by foreign investors more time-consuming and complex. For example, the M&A Rules require that MOFCOM be notified in advance of any change-of-control transaction in which a foreign investor takes control of a PRC domestic enterprise, if any important Industry is concerned, such transaction involves factors that impact or may impact national economic security, or such transaction will lead to a change in control of a domestic enterprise which holds a famous trademark or PRC time-honored brand.

Moreover, the Anti-monopoly Law of the PRC promulgated by the SCNPC effective in August 2008 and the Provisions of the State Council on the Thresholds for Declaring Concentration of Business Operators require that transactions which are deemed concentrations and involve parties with specified turnover thresholds must be cleared by anti-monopoly enforcement authority before they can be completed.

In the future, we may pursue potential strategic acquisitions that are complementary to our business and operations. Complying with the requirements of these regulations to complete such transactions could be time-consuming, and any required approval processes, including obtaining approval or clearance from MOFCOM, may delay or inhibit our ability to complete such transactions, which could affect our ability to expand our business or maintain our market share.

If we are classified as a PRC resident enterprise for PRC income tax purposes, such classification could result in unfavorable tax consequences to us and our non-PRC shareholders.

Under the PRC Enterprise Income Tax Law and its implementation rules, an enterprise established outside of the PRC with a “de facto management body” within the PRC is considered a PRC resident enterprise. The implementation rules define the term “de facto management body” as the body that exercises full and substantial control over and overall management of the business, productions, personnel, accounts and properties of an enterprise. In 2009, the State Administration of Taxation issued a circular, known as Circular 82, which provides certain specific criteria for determining whether the “de facto management body” of a PRC-controlled enterprise that is incorporated offshore is located in China. Although Circular 82 only applies to offshore enterprises controlled by PRC enterprises or PRC enterprise groups, not those controlled by PRC individuals or foreigners like us, the criteria set forth in the circular may reflect the State Administration of Taxation’s general position on how the “de facto management body” test should be applied in determining the tax resident status of all offshore enterprises. According to Circular 82, an offshore incorporated enterprise controlled by a PRC enterprise or a PRC enterprise group will be regarded as a PRC tax resident by virtue of having its “de facto management body” in China and will be subject to PRC enterprise income tax on its global income only if all of the following conditions are met: (i) the primary location of the day-to-day operational management is in the PRC; (ii) decisions relating to the enterprise’s financial and human resource matters are made or are subject to approval by organizations or personnel in the PRC; (iii) the enterprise’s primary assets, accounting books and records, company seals, and board and shareholder resolutions, are located or maintained in the PRC; and (iv) at least 50% of voting board members or senior executives habitually reside in the PRC.

We believe that none of our entities outside of China is a PRC resident enterprise for PRC tax purposes. However, the tax resident status of an enterprise is subject to determination by the PRC tax authorities and uncertainties remain with respect to the interpretation of the term “de facto management body.” If the PRC tax authorities determine that we are a PRC resident enterprise for enterprise income tax purposes, we will be subject to the enterprise income tax on our global income at the rate of 25% and we will be required to comply with PRC enterprise income tax reporting obligations. In addition, gains realized on the sale or other disposition of our Ordinary Shares may be subject to PRC tax, at a rate of 10% in the case of non-PRC enterprises or 20% in the case of non-PRC individuals (in each case, subject to the provisions of any applicable tax treaty), if such gains are deemed to be from PRC sources. It is unclear whether non-PRC shareholders of our company would be able to claim the benefits of any tax treaties between their country of tax residence and the PRC in the event that we are treated as a PRC resident enterprise.

We face uncertainty with respect to indirect transfers of equity interests in PRC resident enterprises by their non-PRC holding companies.

In February 2015, the State Administration of Taxation issued the Public Notice Regarding Certain Corporate Income Tax Matters on Indirect Transfer of Properties by Non-Resident Enterprises, or SAT Public Notice 7. SAT Public Notice 7 extends such administration’s tax jurisdiction to not only indirect transfers but also transactions involving transfer of other taxable assets, through the offshore transfer of a foreign intermediate holding company. In addition, SAT Public Notice 7 provides certain criteria on how to assess reasonable commercial purposes and has introduced safe harbors for internal group restructurings and the purchase and sale of equity through a public securities market. SAT Public Notice 7 also brings challenges to both the foreign transferor and transferee (or other person who is obligated to pay for the transfer) of the taxable assets. Where a non-resident enterprise conducts an “indirect transfer” by transferring the taxable assets indirectly by disposing of the equity interests of an overseas holding company, the non-resident enterprise being the transferor, or the transferee, or the PRC entity which directly owned the taxable assets may report to the relevant tax authority such indirect transfer. Using a “substance over form” principle, the PRC tax authority may disregard the existence of the overseas holding company if it lacks a reasonable commercial purpose and was established for the purpose of reducing, avoiding or deferring PRC tax. As a result, gains derived from such indirect transfer may be subject to PRC enterprise income tax, and the transferee or other person who is obligated to pay for the transfer is obligated to withhold the applicable taxes, currently at a rate of 10% for the transfer of equity interests in a PRC resident enterprise. On October 17, 2017, the SAT issued the Announcement of the State Administration of Taxation on Issues Concerning the Withholding of Non-resident Enterprise Income Tax at Source, or SAT Bulletin 37, which came into effect on December 1, 2017. The SAT Bulletin 37 further clarifies the practice and procedure of the withholding of nonresident enterprise income tax.

We face uncertainties on the reporting and consequences of future private equity financing transactions, share exchanges or other transactions involving the transfer of shares in our company by investors that are non-PRC resident enterprises. The PRC tax authorities may pursue such non-resident enterprises with respect to a filing or the transferees with respect to withholding obligation, and request our PRC subsidiaries to assist in the filing. As a result, we and non-resident enterprises in such transactions may become at risk of being subject to filing obligations or being taxed under SAT Public Notice 7 and SAT Bulletin 37, and may be required to expend valuable resources to comply with them or to establish that we and our non-resident enterprises should not be taxed under these regulations, which may have a material adverse effect on our financial condition and results of operations.

If the custodians or authorized users of controlling non-tangible assets of our company, including our corporate chops and seals, fail to fulfill their responsibilities, or misappropriate or misuse these assets, our business and operations could be materially and adversely affected.

Under PRC law, legal documents for corporate transactions are executed using the chops or seal of the signing entity or with the signature of a legal representative whose designation is registered and filed with the relevant branch of the Administration of Industry and Commerce.

Although we usually utilize chops to enter into contracts, the designated legal representatives of each of our PRC subsidiaries have the apparent authority to enter into contracts on behalf of such entities without chops and bind such entities. All designated legal representatives of our PRC subsidiaries and its subsidiaries are members of our senior management team who have signed employment agreements with us or our PRC subsidiaries and its subsidiaries under which they agree to abide by various duties they owe to us. In order to maintain the physical security of our chops and chops of our PRC entities, we generally store these items in secured locations accessible only by the authorized personnel in the legal or finance department of each of our subsidiaries. Although we monitor such authorized personnel, there is no assurance such procedures will prevent all instances of reckless or negligence. Accordingly, if any of our authorized personnel misuse or misappropriate our corporate chops or seals, we could encounter difficulties in maintaining control over the relevant entities and experience significant disruption to our operations. If a designated legal representative obtains control of the chops in an effort to obtain control over any of our PRC subsidiaries, we or our PRC subsidiary would need to pass a new shareholder or board resolution to designate a new legal representative and we would need to take legal action to seek the return of the chops, apply for new chops with the relevant authorities, or otherwise seek legal redress for the violation of the representative’s fiduciary duties to us, which could involve significant time and resources and divert management attention away from our regular business. In addition, the affected entity may not be able to recover corporate assets that are sold or transferred out of our control in the event of such a misappropriation if a transferee relies on the apparent authority of the representative and acts in good faith.

Our leased property interest may be defective and our right to lease the properties may be affected by such defects challenged, which could cause significant disruption to our business.

As of December 31, 2025, we leased seven premises in China.  Under PRC law, all lease agreements are required to be registered with the local housing authorities. The landlords of these premises may have not completed the registration of their ownership rights or the registration of our leases with the relevant authorities. Failure to complete these required registrations may expose our landlords, lessors and us to potential monetary fines. If these registrations are not obtained in a timely manner or at all, we may be subject to monetary fines or may have to relocate our offices and incur the associated losses.

If the Chinese government chooses to exert more oversight and control over offerings that are conducted overseas and/or foreign investment in China-based issuers, such action may significantly limit or completely hinder our ability to offer or continue to offer Ordinary Shares to investors and cause the value of our Ordinary Shares to significantly decline or be worthless.

Recent statements by the Chinese government have indicated an intent to exert more oversight and control over offerings that are conducted overseas and/or foreign investments in China-based issuers. On July 6, 2021, the General Office of the Communist Party of China Central Committee and the General Office of the State Council jointly issued a document to crack down on illegal activities in the securities market and promote the high-quality development of the capital market, which, among other things, requires the relevant governmental authorities to strengthen cross-border oversight of law enforcement and judicial cooperation, to enhance supervision over China-based companies listed overseas, and to establish and improve the system of extraterritorial application of the PRC securities laws. On February 17, 2023, the CSRC promulgated the Trial Administrative Measures of Overseas Securities Offering and Listing by Domestic Companies (the “Trial Measures”), which came into effect on March 31, 2023. The Trial Measures establish a filing-based regulatory regime for overseas offerings and listings by PRC domestic companies. Under the Trial Measures, domestic companies that seek to offer or list securities overseas, either directly or indirectly, are required to file with the CSRC.

Furthermore, on December 28, 2021, the CAC, the National Development and Reform Commission (“NDRC”), and several other administrations jointly issued the revised Measures for Cybersecurity Review, or the “Revised Review Measures”, which became effective and replaced the existing Measures for Cybersecurity Review on February 15, 2022. According to the Revised Review Measures, if an “online platform operator” that is in possession of personal data of more than one million users intends to list in a foreign country, it must apply for a cybersecurity review. Moreover, the CAC released the draft of the Regulations on Network Data Security Management (the “Network Data Regulation”) in November 2021 for public consultation, which among other things, stipulates that a data processor listed overseas must conduct an annual data security review by itself or by engaging a data security service provider and submit the annual data security review report for a given year to the municipal cybersecurity department before January 31 of the following year. On September 24, 2024, the State Council promulgated the Network Data Regulation, which became effective on January 1, 2025, which requires cyber data processors engaging in data processing activities that affect or may affect national security to file a cybersecurity review with the Office of Cybersecurity Review. On July 7, 2022, the CAC released the Measures for the Security Assessment of Cross-Border Data, which became effective on September 1, 2022. Given the recent issuance of the Measures for the Security Assessment of Cross-Border Data, there is a general lack of guidance and substantial uncertainties exist with respect to their interpretation and implementation.

We manufacture and sell our products primarily in China. Our subsidiaries in China do not collect or store any data (including certain personal information) from our individual end-users, who may be PRC individuals. As of December 31, 2025, we have not collected and stored personal information from our individual end-users. As a result, the likelihood of us being subject to the review of the CAC is remote. As of December 31, 2025, we reasonably believe that we are compliant with the regulations or policies that have been issued by the CAC to date. Uncertainties still exist, however, due to the possibility that laws, regulations, or policies in China could change rapidly in the future. Any future action by the PRC government expanding the categories of industries and companies whose foreign securities offerings are subject to review by the CSRC or the CAC could significantly limit or completely hinder our ability to offer or continue to offer securities to investors and could cause the value of such securities to significantly decline or be worthless.

Our Ordinary Shares may be delisted under the HFCA Act if the PCAOB is unable to inspect our auditors for two consecutive years. The delisting of our ordinary shares, or the threat of their being delisted, may materially and adversely affect the value of your investment.

The HFCA Act, or the HFCA Act, was enacted on December 18, 2020. The HFCA Act states if the SEC determines that a company has filed audit reports issued by a registered public accounting firm that has not been subject to inspection by the PCAOB for three consecutive years beginning in 2021, the SEC shall prohibit such ordinary shares from being traded on a national securities exchange or in the over the counter trading market in the U.S. On December 23, 2022, the Accelerating Holding Foreign Companies Accountable Act (“AHFCA Act”) was enacted, which amended the HFCA Act by requiring the SEC to prohibit an issuer’s securities from trading on any U.S. stock exchanges if its auditor is not subject to PCAOB inspections for two consecutive years instead of three. As a result, the time period before our Ordinary Shares may be prohibited from trading or delisted has been reduced accordingly.

On March 24, 2021, the SEC adopted interim final rules relating to the implementation of certain disclosure and documentation requirements of the HFCA Act. A company will be required to comply with these rules if the SEC identifies it as having a “non-inspection” year under a process to be subsequently established by the SEC. On September 22, 2021, the PCAOB adopted a final rule implementing the HFCA Act, which provides a framework for the PCAOB to use when determining, as contemplated under the HFCA Act, whether the PCAOB is unable to inspect or investigate completely registered public accounting firms located in a foreign jurisdiction because of a position taken by one or more authorities in that jurisdiction. On December 2, 2021, the SEC issued amendments to finalize rules implementing the submission and disclosure requirements in the HFCA Act. The rules apply to registrants that the SEC identifies as having filed an annual report with an audit report issued by a registered public accounting firm that is located in a foreign jurisdiction and that PCAOB is unable to inspect or investigate completely because of a position taken by an authority in foreign jurisdictions. On December 16, 2021, the PCAOB issued a Determination Report which found that the PCAOB is unable to inspect or investigate completely registered public accounting firms headquartered in: (i) China, and (ii) Hong Kong. Our auditor is not headquartered in China or Hong Kong and was not identified in this report as a firm subject to the PCAOB’s determination.

Furthermore, various equity-based research organizations have published reports on China-based companies after examining their corporate governance practices, related party transactions, sales practices and financial statements, and these reports have led to special investigations and listing suspensions on U.S. national exchanges. Any similar scrutiny on us, regardless of its lack of merit, could cause the market price of our ordinary shares to fall, divert management resources and energy, cause us to incur expenses in defending ourselves against rumors, and increase the premiums we pay for director and officer insurance.

Our auditor, the independent registered public accounting firm that issues the audit report included elsewhere in this annual report, as an auditor of companies that are traded publicly in the United States and a firm registered with the PCAOB, is subject to laws in the United States pursuant to which the PCAOB conducts regular inspections to assess its compliance with the applicable professional standards. Our auditor’s registration with the PCAOB took effect in September 2020 and it is currently subject to PCAOB inspections. The PCAOB currently has access to inspect the working papers of our auditor. However, regulatory developments could add uncertainties to our offering and we cannot assure you whether Nasdaq or regulatory authorities would apply additional and more stringent criteria to us after considering the effectiveness of our auditor’s audit procedures and quality control procedures, adequacy of personnel and training, or sufficiency of resources, geographic reach or experience as it relates to the audit of our financial statements.

The SEC may propose additional rules or guidance that could impact us if our auditor is not subject to PCAOB inspection. For example, on August 6, 2020, the President’s Working Group on Financial Markets, or the PWG, issued the Report on Protecting United States Investors from Significant Risks from Chinese Companies. This report recommended the SEC implement five recommendations to address companies from jurisdictions that do not provide the PCAOB with sufficient access to fulfil its statutory mandate. Some of the concepts of these recommendations were implemented with the enactment of the HFCA Act and the AHFCA Act.

On August 26, 2022, the CSRC, the Ministry of Finance of the PRC, and PCAOB signed a Statement of Protocol, or the Protocol, governing inspections and investigations of audit firms based in China and Hong Kong. Pursuant to the Protocol, the PCAOB has independent discretion to select any issuer audits for inspection or investigation and has the unfettered ability to transfer information to the SEC. On December 15, 2022, the PCAOB issued a Determination Report which determined that the PCAOB (1) is able to select engagements, audit areas, and potential violations to be reviewed or investigated, (2) has timely access to, and the ability to retain and use, any document or information that the PCAOB considers relevant to an inspection or investigation, and (3) is able to conduct inspections and investigations in a manner consistent with the provisions of the Act and the rules of the PCAOB, as interpreted and applied by the PCAOB. Consequently, the PCAOB concluded that in the absence of any evidence that authorities in the PRC currently are taking any positions to impair the PCAOB’s ability to execute its statutory mandate with respect to inspections or investigations, the HFCA Act dictates that the PCAOB vacate the 2021 Determinations. However, uncertainties still exist as to whether PRC authorities will continue to allow full PCAOB access, which could cause the market price of our ordinary shares to be materially and adversely affected, and our securities could be delisted and prohibited from being traded on the national securities exchange if the PCAOB issues a new determination. If our securities are unable to be listed on another securities exchange by then, such a delisting would substantially impair your ability to sell or purchase our Ordinary Shares when you wish to do so, and the risk and uncertainty associated with a potential delisting would have a negative impact on the price of our Ordinary Shares. As required by the HFCA Act, if in the future the PCAOB determines it no longer can inspect or investigate completely because of a position taken by an authority in the PRC, the PCAOB will act expeditiously to consider whether the PCAOB should issue a new determination.

Risks Related to Our Securities

The trading price of our Class A Ordinary Shares may be volatile, which could result in substantial losses to investors.

The trading price of our Class A Ordinary Shares may be volatile and could fluctuate widely due to factors beyond our control. This may happen because of the broad market and industry factors, like the performance and fluctuation of the market prices of other companies with business operations located mainly in China that have listed their securities in the United States. A number of Chinese companies have listed or are in the process of listing their securities on U.S. stock markets. The securities of some of these companies have experienced significant volatility, including price declines in connection with their initial public offerings. The trading performances of these Chinese companies’ securities after their offerings may affect the attitudes of investors toward Chinese companies listed in the United States in general and consequently may impact the trading performance of our Ordinary Shares, regardless of our actual operating performance.

In addition to market and industry factors, the price and trading volume for our Class A Ordinary Shares may be highly volatile for factors specific to our own operations, including the following:

Any of these factors may result in large and sudden changes in the volume and price at which our Class A Ordinary Shares will trade.

In the past, shareholders of public companies have often brought securities class action suits against those companies following periods of instability in the market price of their securities. If we were involved in a class action suit, it could divert a significant amount of our management’s attention and other resources from our business and operations and require us to incur significant expenses to defend the suit, which could harm our results of operations. Any such class action suit, whether or not successful, could harm our reputation and restrict our ability to raise capital in the future. In addition, if a claim is successfully made against us, we may be required to pay significant damages, which could have a material adverse effect on our financial condition and results of operations.

We may not maintain the listing of our Class A Ordinary Shares on the Nasdaq which could limit investors’ ability to make transactions in our Ordinary Shares and subject us to additional trading restrictions.

In order to continue listing our shares on the Nasdaq, we must maintain certain financial and share price levels and we may be unable to meet these requirements. We cannot assure you that our shares will continue to be listed on the Nasdaq in the future. The continued listing requirement of Nasdaq under Nasdaq Listing Rules 5550(a)(2) requires that a Nasdaq listed company maintain a minimum bid price of $1.00 per share.

Our share price has been below $1.00 since November 3, 2025. On December 16, 2025, we received a deficiency notice from Nasdaq, notifying us that, for the last 30 consecutive business days, the closing bid price for our Class A Ordinary Shares had been below the minimum of $1.00 per share requirement. In accordance with Nasdaq Listing Rules, the Company has 180 calendar days, or until June 15, 2026, to regain compliance with the minimum $1.00 bid price per share requirement. There is no assurance that we will be able to raise our share price at the level required to maintain our listing on the Nasdaq.

If the Nasdaq delists our Class A Ordinary Shares and we are unable to list our shares on another national securities exchange, we expect our shares could be quoted on an over-the-counter market in the United States. If this were to occur, we could face significant material adverse consequences, including:

As long as our Class A Ordinary Shares are listed on the Nasdaq, U.S. federal law prevents or preempts the states from regulating their sale. However, the law does allow the states to investigate companies if there is a suspicion of fraud, and, if there is a finding of fraudulent activity, then the states can regulate or bar their sale. Further, if we were no longer listed on the Nasdaq, we would be subject to regulations in each state in which we offer our shares.

If securities or industry analysts do not publish research or reports about our business, or if they adversely change their recommendations regarding our Class A Ordinary Shares, the market price for our Class A Ordinary Shares and trading volume could decline.

The trading market for our Class A Ordinary Shares will be influenced by research or reports that industry or securities analysts publish about our business. If one or more analysts who cover us downgrade our Class A Ordinary Shares, the market price for our Class A Ordinary Shares would likely decline. If one or more of these analysts cease to cover us or fail to regularly publish reports on us, we could lose visibility in the financial markets, which in turn could cause the market price or trading volume for our Ordinary Shares to decline.

Techniques employed by short sellers may drive down the market price of the Class A Ordinary Shares.

Short selling is the practice of selling securities that the seller does not own but rather has borrowed from a third party with the intention of buying identical securities back at a later date to return to the lender. The short seller hopes to profit from a decline in the value of the securities between the sale of the borrowed securities and the purchase of the replacement shares, as the short seller expects to pay less in that purchase than it received in the sale. As it is in the short seller’s interest for the price of the security to decline, many short sellers publish, or arrange for the publication of, negative opinions and allegations regarding the relevant issuer and its business prospects in order to create negative market momentum and generate profits for themselves after selling a security short. These short seller attacks have, in the past, led to selling of shares in the market. If we were to become the subject of any unfavorable allegations, whether such allegations are proven to be true or untrue, we could have to expend a significant amount of resources to investigate such allegations and/or defend ourselves. While we would strongly defend against any such short seller attacks, we may be constrained in the manner in which we can proceed against the relevant short seller by principles of freedom of speech, applicable state law or issues of commercial confidentiality.

Because we do not expect to pay dividends in the foreseeable future, you must rely on price appreciation of our Ordinary Shares for return on your investment.

We currently intend to retain all of our available funds and any future earnings to fund the development and growth of our business. As a result, we do not expect to pay any cash dividends in the foreseeable future. Therefore, you should not rely on an investment in our Class A Ordinary Shares as a source for any future dividend income.

Our board of directors has complete discretion as to whether to distribute dividends. Even if our board of directors decides to declare and pay dividends, the timing, amount and form of future dividends, if any, will depend on, among other things, our future results of operations and cash flow, our capital requirements and surplus, the amount of distributions, if any, received by us from our subsidiaries, our financial condition, contractual restrictions and other factors deemed relevant by our board of directors. Accordingly, the return on your investment in our Class A Ordinary Shares will likely depend entirely upon any future price appreciation of our Class A Ordinary Shares. There is no guarantee that our Class A Ordinary Shares will appreciate in value in the future or even maintain the price at which you purchased our Class A Ordinary Shares. You may not realize a return on your investment in our Class A Ordinary Shares and you may even lose your entire investment.

As a company incorporated in the British Virgin Islands, we may adopt certain home country practices in relation to corporate governance matters that differ significantly from Nasdaq corporate governance listing standards. These practices may afford less protection to shareholders than they would enjoy if we complied fully with Nasdaq corporate governance listing standards.

As a business company incorporated in the BVI listed on Nasdaq, we are subject to Nasdaq corporate governance listing standards. However, Nasdaq rules permit a foreign private issuer like us to follow the corporate governance practices of its home country. Certain corporate governance practices in the BVI which is our home country, may differ significantly from Nasdaq corporate governance listing standards. Currently, we do not rely on the home country practice with respect to our corporate governance after we completed the IPO. However, if we choose to follow the home country practice in the future, our shareholders may be afforded less protection than they otherwise would enjoy under Nasdaq corporate governance listing standards applicable to U.S. domestic issuers.

We are a BVI company and, because judicial precedent regarding the rights of shareholders is more limited under BVI law than under U.S. law, you may have less protection for your shareholder rights than you would under U.S. law.

Our corporate affairs are governed by our memorandum and articles of association as amended and restated from time to time (which shall be referred to as “Memorandum and Articles of Association” hereinafter), the BVI Act and the common law of the BVI. The rights of shareholders to take action against the directors, actions by minority shareholders and the fiduciary responsibilities of our directors to us under BVI law are governed by the BVI Act and the common law of the BVI. The common law of the BVI is derived in part from comparatively limited judicial precedent in the BVI as well as that from English common law, which has persuasive, but not binding, authority on a court in the BVI. The rights of our shareholders and the fiduciary responsibilities of our directors under BVI law are not as clearly established as they would be under statutes or judicial precedent in some jurisdictions in the United States. In particular, the BVI has a less developed body of securities laws as compared to the United States. In addition, some U.S. states, such as Delaware, have more fully developed and judicially interpreted bodies of corporate law than the BVI. As a result of all of the above, holders of our shares may have more difficulty in protecting their interests through actions against our management, members of the board of directors or controlling shareholders than they would as shareholders of a U.S. public company.

The laws of the British Virgin Islands may provide less protection for minority shareholders than those under U.S. law, so minority shareholders may have less recourse than they would under U.S. law if the shareholders are dissatisfied with the conduct of our affairs.

Under the laws of the BVI, the rights of minority shareholders are protected by provisions of the BVI Act dealing with shareholder remedies and other remedies available under common law (in tort or contractual remedies). The principal protection under statutory law is that shareholders may bring an action to enforce the constitutional documents of the company (i.e. the memorandum and articles of association) as shareholders are entitled to have the affairs of the company conducted in accordance with the BVI Act and the memorandum and articles of association of the company. A shareholder may also bring an action under statute if he feels that the affairs of the company have been or will be carried out in a manner that is unfairly prejudicial or discriminating or oppressive to him. The BVI Act also provides for certain other protections for minority shareholders, including in respect of investigation of the company and inspection of the company books and records. There are also common law rights for the protection of shareholders that may be invoked, largely dependent on English common law, since the common law of the British Virgin Islands for business companies is limited.

We are a foreign private issuer and, as a result, will not be subject to U.S. proxy rules and will be subject to more lenient and less frequent Exchange Act reporting obligations than a U.S. issuer.

Because we qualify as a foreign private issuer under the Exchange Act, we are exempted from certain provisions of the Exchange Act that are applicable to U.S. public companies, including:

In addition, foreign private issuers are not required to file their annual report on Form 20-F until 120 days after the end of each fiscal year, while U.S. domestic issuers that are not large accelerated filers or accelerated filers are required to file their annual report on Form 10-K within 90 days after the end of each fiscal year. Foreign private issuers are also exempt from Regulation FD, aimed at preventing issuers from making selective disclosures of material information. As a result, you may not have the same protections afforded to shareholders of companies that are not foreign private issuers. In addition, our officers, directors and principal shareholders are exempt from the “short-swing” profit recovery provisions of Section 16 of the Exchange Act and the rules thereunder.

For as long as we are an emerging growth company, we will not be required to comply with certain reporting requirements, including those relating to accounting standards and disclosure about our executive compensation, that apply to other public companies.

In April 2012, President Obama signed into law the JOBS Act. We are classified as an “emerging growth company” under the JOBS Act. For as long as we are an emerging growth company, which may be up to five full fiscal years, unlike other public companies, we will not be required to, among other things, (i) provide an auditor’s attestation report on management’s assessment of the effectiveness of our system of internal control over financial reporting pursuant to Section 404(b) of the Sarbanes-Oxley Act, (ii) comply with any new requirements adopted by the PCAOB requiring mandatory audit firm rotation or a supplement to the auditor’s report in which the auditor would be required to provide additional information about the audit and the financial statements of the issuer, (iii) provide certain disclosure regarding executive compensation required of larger public companies or (iv) hold non-binding advisory votes on executive compensation. We will remain an emerging growth company for up to five years, although we will lose that status sooner if we have more than $1.235 billion of revenues in a fiscal year, have more than $700 million in market value of our Ordinary Shares held by non-affiliates, or issue more than $1.0 billion of non-convertible debt over a three-year period.

To the extent that we rely on any of the exemptions available to emerging growth companies, you will receive less information about our executive compensation and internal control over financial reporting than issuers that are not emerging growth companies. If some investors find our Ordinary Shares to be less attractive as a result, there may be a less active trading market for our Ordinary Shares and our share price may be more volatile.

We may lose our foreign private issuer status in the future, which could result in significant additional costs and expenses.

As discussed above, we are a foreign private issuer, and therefore, we are not required to comply with all of the periodic disclosure and current reporting requirements of the Exchange Act. The determination of foreign private issuer status is made annually on the last business day of an issuer’s most recently completed second fiscal quarter. In the future, we would lose our foreign private issuer status if (1) more than 50% of our outstanding voting securities are owned by U.S. residents and (2) a majority of our directors or executive officers are U.S. citizens or residents, or we fail to meet additional requirements necessary to avoid loss of foreign private issuer status. If we lose our foreign private issuer status, we will be required to file with the SEC periodic reports and registration statements on U.S. domestic issuer forms, which are more detailed and extensive than the forms available to a foreign private issuer. We will also have to mandatorily comply with U.S. federal proxy requirements, and our officers, directors and principal shareholders will become subject to the short-swing profit disclosure and recovery provisions of Section 16 of the Exchange Act. In addition, we will lose our ability to rely upon exemptions from certain corporate governance requirements under the listing rules of the Nasdaq. As a U.S. listed public company that is not a foreign private issuer, we will incur significant additional legal, accounting and other expenses that we will not incur as a foreign private issuer.

Our principal shareholders have substantial influence over our company. Their interests may not be aligned with the interests of our other shareholders, and they could prevent or cause a change of control or other transactions.

As of the date of this annual report, our executive officers and directors, together with our existing shareholders, beneficially own approximately 148,000 Class A Ordinary Shares 3,730,320 Class B Ordinary Shares and beneficially own approximately 28.02% of our outstanding Ordinary Shares.

Accordingly, our executive officers and directors, together with our existing shareholders, could have significant influence in determining the outcome of any corporate transaction or other matter submitted to the shareholders for approval, including mergers, consolidations, the election of directors and other significant corporate actions. In cases where their interests are aligned and they vote together, these shareholders will also have the power to prevent or cause a change in control. Without the consent of some or all of these shareholders, we may be prevented from entering into transactions that could be beneficial to us or our minority shareholders. In addition, our directors and officers could violate their fiduciary duties by diverting business opportunities from us to themselves or others. The interests of our largest shareholders may differ from the interests of our other shareholders. The concentration in the ownership of our Ordinary Shares may cause a material decline in the value of our Ordinary Shares.

As a “controlled company” under the rules of the Nasdaq Capital Market, we may choose to exempt our Company from certain corporate governance requirements that could have an adverse effect on our public shareholders.

We are a “controlled company” as defined under the Nasdaq Stock Market Rules because Mr. Huajian Xu, our Chairman and CEO, beneficially owns 22.93% of our Ordinary Shares, consisting of 0.83% of our Class A Ordinary Shares and 82.84% of our Class B Ordinary Shares, and is able to exercise 73.05% of the total voting power of our issued and outstanding shares.

As long as our officers and directors, either individually or in the aggregate, own at least 50% of the voting power of our company, we are a “controlled company” as defined under Nasdaq Market place Rules.

For so long as we are a controlled company under that definition, we are permitted to elect to rely, and may rely, on certain exemptions from corporate governance rules, including:

● an exemption from the rule that a majority of our board of directors must be independent directors;

● an exemption from the rule that the compensation of our CEO must be determined or recommended solely by independent directors; and

● an exemption from the rule that our director nominees must be selected or recommended solely by independent directors.

As a result, you will not have the same protection afforded to shareholders of companies that are subject to these corporate governance requirements.

British Virgin Islands law does not impose any fiduciary or other duties on a majority or controlling shareholder in respect of the company or any minority shareholders. Although we do not intend to rely on the “controlled company” exemption under the Nasdaq listing rules, we could elect to rely on this exemption in the future. If we elect to rely on the “controlled company” exemption, a majority of the members of our board of directors might not be independent directors and our nominating and corporate governance and compensation committees might not consist entirely of independent directors.

As the rights of shareholders under BVI law differ from those under U.S. law, you may have fewer protections as a shareholder.

Our corporate affairs are governed by our Memorandum and Articles of Association, the BVI Act and the common law of the BVI. The rights of shareholders to take action against the directors, actions by minority shareholders and the fiduciary responsibilities of our directors to us under BVI law are governed by the BVI Act and the common law of the BVI. The common law of the BVI is derived in part from comparatively limited judicial precedent in the British Virgin Islands as well as from the common law of England and the wider Commonwealth, which has persuasive, but not binding, authority on a court in the BVI. The rights of our shareholders and the fiduciary responsibilities of our directors under BVI law may not be as clearly established as they would be under statutes or judicial precedent in some jurisdictions in the United States. In particular, the BVI has a less developed body of securities laws as compared to the United States, and some states, such as Delaware, have more fully developed and judicially interpreted bodies of corporate law.

Shareholders of BVI companies may not have standing to initiate a shareholder derivative action in a federal court of the United States. Shareholders of a BVI company could, however, bring a derivative action in the BVI courts, and there is a clear statutory right to commence such derivative claims under Section 184C of the BVI Act. The circumstances in which any such action may be brought, and the procedures and defenses that may be available in respect to any such action, may result in the rights of shareholders of a BVI company being more limited than those of shareholders of a company organized in the United States. Accordingly, shareholders may have fewer alternatives available to them if they believe that corporate wrongdoing has occurred. The BVI courts are also unlikely to recognize or enforce against us judgments of courts in the United States based on certain liability provisions of U.S. securities law; and to impose liabilities against us, in original actions brought in the BVI, based on certain liability provisions of U.S. securities laws that are penal in nature. There is no statutory recognition in the BVI of judgments obtained in the United States, although the courts of the BVI will generally recognize and enforce the non-penal judgment of a foreign court of competent jurisdiction without retrial on the merits. The BVI Act offers some limited protection of minority shareholders. The principal protection under statutory law is that shareholders may apply to the BVI court for an order directing the company or its director(s) to comply with, or restraining the company or a director from engaging in conduct that contravenes, the BVI Act. Under the BVI Act, the minority shareholders have a statutory right to bring a derivative action in the name of and on behalf of the company in circumstances where a company has a cause of action against its directors. This remedy is available at the discretion of the BVI court. A shareholder may also bring an action against the company for breach of duty owed to him as a member. A shareholder who considers that the affairs of the company have been, are being or likely to be, conducted in a manner that is, or any act or acts of the company have been, or are, likely to be oppressive, unfairly discriminatory, or unfairly prejudicial to him in that capacity, may apply to the BVI court for an order to remedy the situation.

There are common law rights for the protection of shareholders that may be invoked, largely dependent on English common law. Under the general rule pursuant to English common law known as the rule in Foss v. Harbottle, a court will generally refuse to interfere with the management of a company at the insistence of a minority of its shareholders who express dissatisfaction with the conduct of the company’s affairs by the majority or the Board of Directors. However, every shareholder is entitled to have the affairs of the company conducted properly according to BVI law and the constituent documents of the company. As such, if those who control the company have persistently disregarded the requirements of company law, then the courts may grant relief. Generally, the areas in which the courts will intervene are the following: (1) an act complained of which is outside the scope of the authorized business or is illegal or not capable of ratification by the majority; (2) acts that constitute fraud on the minority where the wrongdoers control the company; (3) acts that infringe or are about to infringe on the personal rights of the shareholders, such as the right to vote; and (4) where the company has not complied with provisions requiring approval of a special or extraordinary majority of shareholders. This means that even if shareholders were to sue us successfully, they may not be able to recover anything to make up for the losses suffered.

Under the laws of the BVI, the rights of minority shareholders are protected by provisions of the BVI Act dealing with shareholder remedies and other remedies available under common law (in tort or contractual remedies). The principal protection under statutory law is that shareholders may bring an action to enforce the constitutional documents of the company (i.e. the memorandum and articles of association) as shareholders are entitled to have the affairs of the company conducted in accordance with the BVI Act and the memorandum and articles of association of the company. A shareholder may also bring an action under statute if he feels that the affairs of the company have been or will be carried out in a manner that is unfairly prejudicial or discriminating or oppressive to him. The BVI Act also provides for certain other protections for minority shareholders, including in respect of investigation of the company and inspection of the company books and records. There are also common law rights for the protection of shareholders that may be invoked, largely dependent on English common law, since the common law of the BVI for business companies is limited.

As a result of all of the above, public shareholders may have more difficulty in protecting their interests in the face of actions taken by our board of directors, management or controlling shareholders than they would as public shareholders of a U.S. company.

We may not be able to pay any dividends on our Ordinary Shares in the future due to BVI law.

Under BVI law, we may only pay dividends to our shareholders if the value of our assets exceeds our liabilities and we are able to pay our debts as they become due. We cannot give any assurance that we will declare dividends of any amounts, at any rate or at all in the future. Future dividends, if any, will be at the discretion of our Board of Directors, and will depend upon our results of operations, cash flows, financial condition, payment to us of cash dividends by our subsidiaries, capital needs, future prospects and other factors that our directors may deem appropriate.

Provisions in our amended and restated memorandum and articles of association may inhibit a takeover of us, which could limit the price investors might be willing to pay in the future for our shares and could entrench management.

Some provisions of our Memorandum and Articles of Association may discourage, delay or prevent a change in control of our Company or management that shareholders may consider favorable. However, under BVI law, our directors may only exercise the rights and powers granted to them under our Memorandum and Articles of Association, as amended and restated from time to time, as they believe in good faith to be in the best interests of our Company.

We are subject to changing law and regulations regarding regulatory matters, corporate governance and public disclosure that have increased both our costs and the risk of non-compliance.

We are subject to rules and regulations by various governing bodies, including, for example, the Securities and Exchange Commission, or SEC, which are charged with the protection of investors and the oversight of companies whose securities are publicly traded, and to new and evolving regulatory measures under applicable law. Our efforts to comply with new and changing laws and regulations have resulted in and are likely to continue to result in, increased general and administrative expenses and a diversion of management time and attention from revenue generating activities to compliance activities.

Moreover, because these laws, regulations and standards are subject to varying interpretations, their application in practice may evolve over time as new guidance becomes available. This evolution may result in continuing uncertainty regarding compliance matters and additional costs necessitated by ongoing revisions to our disclosure and governance practices. If we fail to address and comply with these regulations and any subsequent changes, we may be subject to penalty and our business may be harmed.

We may be exposed to liabilities under applicable anti-corruption laws and any determination that we violated these laws could have a materially adverse effect on our business.

We are subject to various anti-corruption laws that prohibit companies and their dealers from making improper payments or offers of payments for the purpose of obtaining or retaining business. We may conduct business in countries and regions that are generally recognized as potentially more corrupt business environments. Activities in these countries create the risk of unauthorized payments or offers of payments by one of our employees or dealers that could be in violation of various anti-corruption laws, including the United States Foreign Corrupt Practices Act (the “FCPA”). We have implemented safeguards and policies to discourage these practices by our employees and dealers but we cannot provide assurance that our internal controls and compliance systems will always protect us from acts committed by our employees or dealers. If our employees or dealers violate our policies or we fail to maintain adequate record keeping and internal accounting practices to accurately record our transactions, we may be subject to regulatory sanctions. Violations of the FCPA or other anti-corruption laws, or allegations of any such acts, could damage our reputation and subject us to civil or criminal investigations in the United States and in other jurisdictions. Those and any related shareholder lawsuits could lead to substantial civil and criminal, monetary and nonmonetary penalties and cause us to incur significant legal and investigatory fees which could adversely affect our business, combined financial condition and results of operations.

If we fail to meet applicable listing requirements, Nasdaq may delist our Class A Ordinary Shares from trading, in which case the liquidity and market price of our Class A Ordinary Shares could decline.

We cannot assure you that we will be able to meet the continued listing standards of Nasdaq in the future. If we fail to comply with the applicable listing standards and Nasdaq delists our Ordinary Shares, we and our shareholders could face significant material adverse consequences, including:

● a limited availability of market quotations for our Class A Ordinary Shares;

● reduced liquidity for our Class A Ordinary Shares;

● a determination that our Class A Ordinary Shares are “penny stock”, which would require brokers trading in our Class A Ordinary Shares to adhere to more stringent rules and possibly result in a reduced level of trading activity in the secondary trading market for our Class A Ordinary Shares;

● a limited amount of news about us and analyst coverage of us; and

● a decreased ability for us to issue additional equity securities or obtain additional equity or debt financing in the future.

The National Securities Markets Improvement Act of 1996, which is a federal statute, prevents or preempts the states from regulating the sale of certain securities, which are referred to as “covered securities.” Because our Shares are listed on Nasdaq, such securities will be covered securities. Although the states are preempted from regulating the sale of our securities, the federal statute does allow the states to investigate companies if there is a suspicion of fraud, and, if there is a finding of fraudulent activity, then the states can regulate or bar the sale of covered securities in a particular case. Further, if we were no longer listed on Nasdaq, our securities would not be covered securities and we would be subject to regulations in each state in which we offer our securities.

ITEM 4. INFORMATION ON THE COMPANY

LOBO is an electric mobility products manufacturer. Its products include e-bicycles, electric motorcycles, e-tricycles, electric off-road four-wheeled shuttles such as golf carts and elderly scooters, solar-powered vehicles as well as smart products and services. By leveraging cutting-edge technology and sustainable practices, LOBO aims to promote eco-friendly transportation options that reduce carbon footprints and enhance energy efficiency.

LOBO is a Nasdaq public company. The ticker symbol is “LOBO”. Its operating group includes Jiangsu LOBO, Dezhou LOBO, Tianjin LOBO, Tianjin Bibosch, Wuxi Zella, Hangzhou LOBO and LOBO Scientific Inc., a Delaware company. There are four factories with more than 150 personnel in the group. Our management team is composed of several ambitious entrepreneurs with a global perspective, who have a good educational background and rich industry experience.

LOBO is a high-tech company specializing in manufacturing a wide range of eco-friendly electric mobility product and home-used robotic products. It dedicates that reduce carbon footprints and enhance energy efficiency. LOBO is a certified high-tech company and an Eagle company verified by provincial authority. The company was certified for ISO 9001:2015 and ISO 14001:2015 in March 2026. It also is a golden plus supplier verified by Alibaba.com. Our approach makes green mobility affordable and accessible. Through our commitment to fostering a sustainable future, we are dedicated to empowering consumers to realize their vision of green mobility for short-distance transportation with the various products we have developed.

On March 20, 2024, we entered into an underwriting agreement (the “Underwriting Agreement”) with Kingswood, a division of Kingswood Capital Partners, LLC, acted as representative of the underwriters (the “Representative”), relating to our initial public offering (the “IPO”) of 1,380,000 ordinary shares, par value $0.001 per share (the “Ordinary Shares”). On March 25, 2024, the Company closed the IPO.

On December 10, 2024, we entered into a securities purchase agreement with Streeterville Capital, LLC (the “Investor”), a Utah limited liability company, and issued 850,000 Ordinary Shares to the Investor.

On December 10, 2024, Jiangsu LOBO completed the disposal of Guangzhou LOBO Intelligent Technologies Co. Ltd., a wholly-owned subsidiary of Jiangsu LOBO. Jiangsu LOBO received RMB 18,000 for the disposal.

On December 30, 2024, Beijing LOBO completed the disposal of Wuxi Jinbang Electric Vehicle Manufacture Co., Ltd, an 85%-owned subsidiary of Beijing LOBO. Beijing LOBO received RMB 9,180,000 for the disposal.

On August 7, 2025, we held our annual general meeting of the shareholders, during which the shareholders approved that the Company’s name was changed from “LOBO EV TECHNOLOGIES LTD. 萝贝电动车科技有限公司” to “LOBO TECHNOLOGIES LTD. 萝贝科技有限公司.” The shareholders also approved that the 10,000,000 authorised but unissued ordinary shares of a par value of US$0.001 each in the Company were cancelled and a new class of shares comprising of 10,000,000 class B Ordinary Shares of a par value US$0.001 each were created; all the remaining authorised (whether issued or not issued) ordinary shares of a par value of US$0.001 each in the Company were re-designated and re-classified as Class A Ordinary Shares of a par value of US$0.001 each, such that the Company is authorised to issue a maximum number of (i) 40,000,000 Class A Ordinary Shares and 10,000,000 Class B Ordinary Shares. We adopted the third amended and restated memorandum and articles of association to effect these changes. Class A Ordinary Shares began trading on October 16, 2025 under the existing ticker symbol “LOBO.” The shareholders further approved to repurchase 3,090,320 Class A Ordinary Shares held by Wealthford Capital Ltd. in consideration of the Company’s new issuance of 3,090,320 Class B Ordinary Shares to Wealthford Capital Ltd., and 640,000 Class A Ordinary Shares held by Huiyan Xie in consideration of the Company’s new issuance of 640,000 Class B Ordinary Shares to Huiyan Xie.

On April 21, 2025, Jiangsu LOBO completed the disposal of Beijing LOBO. Beijing LOBO received total consideration of RMB 27,000,000 for the disposal.

December 8, 2025, we approved to increase the maximum number of shares the Company is authorised to issue such that we are authorized to issue a maximum of (i) 90,000,000 Class A Ordinary and (ii) 10,000,000 Class B Ordinary Shares. We adopted the fourth amended and restated memorandum and articles of association to effect this change.

On March 23, 2026, we priced a best efforts public offering for the sale of 3,921,567 units (each a “Unit”), each consisting of one Class A Ordinary Shares, one series A warrant to purchase one Class A Ordinary Share (each a “Series A Warrant”) and one series B warrant to purchase one Class A Ordinary Share (each a “Series B Warrant”), or in lieu thereof, 3,921,567 pre-funded units (each a “Pre-Funded Unit”), consisting of one pre-funded warrant (“Pre-Funded Warrant”) to purchase one Class A Ordinary Share, one Series A Warrant, and one Series B Warrant. The public offering price of the Units was $0.51 per Unit. The public offering price of the Pre-Funded Units was $0.509, representing the public offering price per Unit, minus $0.001. The offerings were made pursuant to the Company’s registration statement on Form F-1 (File No. 333-292027), which was declared effective on March 23, 2026 by the SEC. The offering was closed on March 30, 2026 and the Company received net proceeds of $1.85 million.

Overview

Our Mission

Our mission is to drive innovation and become a market leader in our industry by leveraging our design and intelligent technology to advance green mobility. We are dedicated to sustainability, committing to eco-friendly practices and supporting global climate initiatives and promoting the prosperous development of the green economy.

Our Vision

Our vision is to provide commuters with safer, smarter, affordable and high-quality electric mobility and smart products and services, empower communities by enabling people to thrive in the green mobility revolution.

Corporate Information

Our principal executive office is located at Gemini Mansion B 901, Software Park, No. 18-17 Zhenze Rd, Xinwu District, Wuxi, Jiangsu, People’s Republic of China, and our phone number is +86 510 88584252. Our registered office in the British Virgin Islands is located at the offices of Ogier Global (BVI) Limited, Ritter House, Wickhams Cay II, PO Box 3170, Road Town, Tortola VG1110, British Virgin Islands. We maintain a corporate website at www.loboebike.com. We also provide industrial AI service via www.loboaiclaw.com. The information contained in, or accessible from, our website or any other website does not constitute a part of this annual report.

Corporate History and Structure

We are a British Virgin Islands business company incorporated on October 25, 2021 under the name LOBO AI Technologies Ltd. On December 14, 2021, the Company changed its name to LOBO EV Technologies Ltd., and subsequently on October 25, 2021, the Company changed its name to LOBO TECHNOLOGIES LTD..

Our domestic operating enterprise Beijing LOBO was established in August, 2014. At the end of 2019, Beijing LOBO acquired 85% of the shares of Wuxi Jinbang. Guangzhou LOBO was established in May 2019. For the purpose of listing on Nasdaq, we incorporated LOBO TECHNOLOGIES LTD., a BVI Business Company incorporated under the laws of British Virgin Islands with limited liability, in October 2021. Subsequently, we established LOBO Holdings Ltd, a Hong Kong limited liability Company, as a wholly-owned subsidiary of LOBO. On November 29, 2021, we organized Jiangsu WFOE, a PRC limited liability company. Thereafter, Jiangsu WFOE completed the merger of Beijing LOBO and Guangzhou LOBO in December 2021. Consequently, both Beijing LOBO and Guangzhou LOBO became the wholly-owned subsidiaries of Jiangsu WFOE. After these domestic internal mergers and acquisitions were completed, we undertook a reorganization, to facilitate the IPO in the United States. On March 25, 2022, a qualified appraisal company appraised the value of Jiangsu WFOE and its subsidiaries and issued an appraisal report. LOBO HK determined the consideration to paid to all shareholders of Jiangsu WFOE according to the report. On April 8, 2022, Jiangsu WFOE completed the internal procedure of merger and acquisition. The written shareholders’ resolution was signed, and then followed by the legal merger and acquisition procedures which were set up by local industrial and commercial bureau and taxation administration. LOBO HK completed its merger and acquisition of 100% equity interest in Jiangsu WFOE on April 8, 2022. Jiangsu WFOE then became a foreign enterprise which is a wholly-owned subsidiary of LOBO HK.

On November, 2024, Jiangsu LOBO and Beijing LOBO entered into share transfer agreements (“Disposition”) with Chengliang Yang and Jueqian Wang (the “Purchasers”). Pursuant to the Disposition, the Purchasers agreed to purchase Guangzhou Lobo, a wholly owned subsidiary of Jingsu LOBO, and Wuxi Jinbang, an 85%-owned subsidiary of Beijing LOBO, for cash consideration of RMB18,000 (approximately US $2,529) and RMB9.18 million (approximately US $ 1,289,724) (the “Purchase Price”), respectively. Upon closing of the transaction contemplated by the Disposition, we no longer had control over Guangzhou LOBO or Wuxi Jinbang.

On April 21, 2025, Jiangsu LOBO completed the disposal of Beijing LOBO. Beijing LOBO received total consideration of RMB 27,000,000 for the disposal.

Our Competitive Strengths

We believe that the following strengths contribute to our success and differentiate us from our competitors:

Accumulated industry resources and experienced management team

Our success is led by a visionary management team with a unique combination of engineering, design, and management experience, with a strong track record of execution. Our management and key personnel have extensive experience in the e-bicycles industry and the IT industry. Our CEO, Mr. Huajian Xu, has over 20 years’ experience in the marketing and management in the telecommunications industry, IT industry and e-bicycle industry. Together with the Standardization Work Committee of the China Electrotechnical Society, as the first author, he drafted the “Technical specification for conductive and intelligent fast charger of electric bicycles T/CES 065-2021” in 2021, which has become the industry standard of the intelligent fast charging field in the e-bicycle industry in China. The standard specifies the requirements for communication protocol, safety and charging process of conductive fast charger of e-bicycles. He also was in charge of the new industry standard of wheeled service robot for elderly with other experts organized by Standardization Work Committee of the China Electrotechnical Society. The industry standard was released in December 2022. Our COO, Mr. Huiyan Xie, has over 12 years’ experiences in the maketing and management in the industry. Mr. Xie was the founder of Beijing LOBO and once served as a senior manager in EZGO Technologies Ltd. (Nasdaq: EZGO). Our core management personnel also includes Mr. Xing Xia, the former general manager of Wuxi Jinbang. Mr. Xia is one of the pioneers in the domestic e-bicycle industry and electric motorcycle industry, and has more than 20 years’ experience in the manufacture, operation and management of electric motorcycles and bicycles.

User-centered product design philosophy

We believe that products can speak everything by themselves. We adhere to the user-centered product design concept and integrated product development concept in our innovative research and development system. In every process of product development, we design and develop our products based on the needs of customers and user experience. To this end, we value actual needs of end-users for product design and integrate them into the entire product life cycle. Our R&D team and sales team work closely with our dealers during our design and research process. For example, we invite dealers to participate in our scenario-based surveys, prototype testing and usability testing sessions. The goal of our user-centered product design is to provide commuters with safe, affordable and high-quality EV products.

Our user-centric product design process includes:

Innovative marketing strategy

Our marketing strategy can be divided into differentiated strategy and cost-leadership strategy. For the differentiated strategy, we strengthen our own characteristics of products, and focus on differentiated features and functions for our users, such as users living in rural area of China, delivery persons, the elderly, and female users. For example, some of our products provide extended seats for rural users, extended cargo brackets for delivery persons, dash cams embedded in elderly scooters and unique appliqués for females. Under the guidance of cost-leadership strategy, the company adopts a series of means to optimize the production process, optimize the product structure, outsource certain manufacturing to other reliable manufacturers, optimize supply chain management, obtain priority treatment from our suppliers, and reduce product costs through joint research and development with academics. The concepts of total quality management and total budget management are introduced and adopted in our business and daily operations.

Our Growth Strategies

We still consider that we are in the early stage of development, and growth is the most important goal of the Company at present. Considering the current market competition and our own strengths and weaknesses, our strategic goal is to become a hidden champion in the field of intelligent urban tricycles and off-highway four-wheeled electric shuttles through our efforts in the next decade. Our strategies to achieve this goal are as follows:

Continue to innovate and launch new products

Our success has been underpinned by our innovation of products, including our integrated product development concept and user-centered product design philosophy. We believe that our high-quality and affordable products are the keys to our success. To achieve the goal of being a hidden champion in the industry, we will (1) adhere to the manufacture of e-bicycles as our main business, launch new products, and diversify our products line, such as our latest solar-powered e-bicycles; (2) prioritize our strategic products, such as intelligent electric urban tricycles and elderly scooters, and (3) strengthen the development of intelligent products.

To stay at the forefront of technological innovation, we will continue to invest significant resources in research and development and will recruit experts and talents globally. We will seek to establish and strengthen strategic cooperation and partnerships globally with industry leaders, design firms and research institutions.

Attach importance to customer relationship management

The perspective of our customer relationship management is to “help our customers succeed”, rather than simply meeting the customer demands. We value the feedback of our customers and dealers and upgrade our products to address their demands. To build a long-lasting relationship with our dealers and customers, we provide technical support, product information, and manufacturing know-how. We plan to set up branches or representative offices in our foreign target markets in order to better understand the local market in the future.

Diversify and increase marketing methods

Our sales channels are divided into two segments: (1) for e-bicycles, e-mopeds, e-tricycles, and e-carts, we sell our products through dealers and the Alibaba international platform, where we can also find new dealers; and (2) for solutions development segment, we operate our business based on relationship marketing through visiting tier-one suppliers and obtaining new orders.

As of December 31, 2025, we have established a dealer network more than with 150 dealers in about 60 foreign countries in Asia, Europe, Africa, Latin America and the U.S.

We normally expand our dealer network and engage new dealers when we attend trade shows. To maintain our dealer network, we visit our dealers and develop new dealer relationships by visiting dealers in person. At the same time, we expand our brand awareness by using social media. We also expect to increase our marketing expenses on the Alibaba international platform and participate in industry international exhibitions, for example, Canton Fair, PGA Show to expand our dealer network around the world.

Strengthen cost control

We endeavor to reduce our procurement cost through centralized ordering and controlling manufacturing costs through the innovation of internal management and the optimization of process flow. We benefit from our close relationships with our suppliers.

We utilize a centralized ordering system, under which we place most orders for a particular type of spare part from selected mid-sized and small-sized suppliers who rely on us for fast development and market expansion. By purchasing spare parts from a few suppliers, we are in a better position to negotiate the purchase price, thereby reducing costs.

We provide our know-how to our suppliers and work with them to improve manufacturing efficiency and lower costs, and as a result, we can reduce our procurement cost. For example, we worked with one of our suppliers to improve the front suspension system of their golf cart products and upgrade their cart models, which greatly established and strengthened our procurement relationship, thereby obtaining preferential purchase prices. We also worked with a paint factory to help them solve a static electricity problem in manufacturing and assisted them in innovating their painting process, thereby reducing our procurement costs.

We also optimize our work process and improving our manufacturing efficiency. We innovate small and practical tools that help unskilled workers quickly increase their labor productivity and, therefore, the training sessions for our assembly workers have been shortened, allowing novice workers to start working in our factories after half a day of training. By upgrading our training sessions and facilities for our workers, we expect to further improve our cost control capability.

Our Products and Solutions

Our product portfolio consists of four series, including two-wheeled electric vehicles, electric three-wheeled vehicles, electric four-wheeled utility vehicles. We purchase spare parts from suppliers and assemble our products in our factories. We have four factories with five assembly lines in total in Tianjin and Wuxi. There are three factories with three assembly lines in Tianjin, and there is one factory with two assembly lines in Wuxi. We lease the factories but own the manufacturing equipment in our factories. During peak periods, the actual utilization rate of production capacity is about 90% under the current site conditions.

For cost control purpose, we outsource the production of mature and simple products that have relatively low gross profit margins, as well as four-wheeled vehicles that we do not have the conditions to assemble. Outsourcing manufacturing of certain models of two-wheeled bicycles can reduce the costs by 3%-5% compared with manufacturing in our factories. The outsourced products only make up a part of our overall products and cover our two-wheeled, three-wheeled, and four-wheeled products. In 2023, the company outsourced 2,436 electric two-wheeled bicycles, 569 electric three-wheeled bicycles, and 270 electric four-wheeled utility vehicles, accounting for 5.60% of electric vehicles in stock. In 2024, the company outsourced 10,519 electric two-wheeled bicycles, 4,522 electric three-wheeled bicycles, and 604 electric four-wheeled utility vehicles, accounting for 25.24% of electric vehicles in stock. With the progressive enhancement of our manufacturing capabilities, we have achieved fully in-house production and assembly of four-wheeled golf carts and sightseeing vehicles since 2025.

Two-wheeled Electric Vehicles (E-bicycles)

E-bicycles. Our e-bicycles are powered by electric motors. The appearance of e-bicycles is similar to that of traditional bicycles, with a few plastic shields. Our e-bicycles can reach maximum speeds of 25 km/h when powered by an electric motor. Most of our e-bicycle models use lithium batteries. All of our e-bicycles conform to the new national standard GB17761-2018 and have obtained 3C Certificates (China Compulsory Certificate). E-bicycles are more convenient for riders to ride than traditional bicycles as riders can rely on the electric motor for propulsion. As of December 31, 2025, the suggested retail prices for the different models of our e-bicycles ranged from RMB1100 (USD $157) to RMB 2450 (USD $350) (including batteries and chargers).

E-Mopeds. Our e-mopeds are powered by electric motors and generally have more powerful motors, high-capacity batteries than our e-bicycles. All of the e-mopeds conform to the “General specifications for electric motorcycles and mopeds’ (GB/T 24158-2018).” Most of the e-mopeds were exported overseas, including to Europe, Southeast Asia and Latin America in 2024. All of our products were exported to foreign countries in 2025. The suggested retail prices for the different models ranged from RMB 2200 (USD $315) to RMB 3900 (USD $558) in China.

For fiscal years 2025 and 2024, our revenue generated from sales of two-wheeled electric vehicles amounted to RMB 94 million (USD $13.1 million) and RMB 80 million (USD $10.9 million), respectively, representing 57% and 51% of our total revenue for those periods, respectively.

Three-wheeled Electric Vehicles (E-tricycles)

Our e-tricycles consist of more than 100 models. Our e-tricycle is an urban leisure tricycle for one or two adult passengers’ commuter use only, which is mainly composed of a front wheel and two rear wheels, of which two rear wheels are power wheels and the front wheel is the steering wheel. The maximum speed is usually less than 25 km/h.

As of December 31, 2025, the suggested retail prices for the different models of our multifunctional tricycles ranged from RMB 1900 (USD $272) to RMB 5450 (USD $779) (including batteries and chargers).  

For fiscal years 2025 and 2024, our revenue generated from sales of three-wheeled electric vehicles amounted to RMB 43.0million (USD $6.0 million) and RMB 30 million (USD $4.2 million), respectively, representing 26% and 20% of our total revenue for those periods, respectively.  

Electric Off-highway Four-wheeled Shuttles (E-carts)

Our electric Off-highway Four-wheeled shuttles consists of electric golf carts and elderly e-scooters. These electric four-wheeled vehicles are powered by electric motors and are able to achieve maximum speeds of 40 km/h. They are designed for specific functions and certain models can carry loads of up to 200-300 kilograms. The elderly e-scooter is designed especially for the elderly and disabled persons and for one passenger only. The maximum speed is less than 10 km/h. The suggested retail prices for the different models of our golf carts range from RMB 20,000 (USD $2,860) to RMB 60,000 (USD $8,580) and the retail price of elderly scooters range from RMB 2,500 (USD $357) to 5,000 (USD $715) (excluding batteries and chargers).  

For fiscal years 2025 and 2024, our revenue generated from sales of four-wheeled electric vehicles amounted to RMB 5.7 million (USD $795,000) and RMB 4.5 million (USD 624,000), representing 3% and 3% of our total revenue for those periods, respectively. 

Our Supply Chain

Our supply chain diversification strategy helps us build a more resilient supply chain and gives us flexibility in supply procurement.

China’s electric bicycle industry and supply chain are geographically divided into several regions, mainly the Tianjin region, Wuxi region and Taizhou region. The suppliers of different sizes and quality are gathered in different regions except for several large national suppliers. We sourced from over 337 suppliers across the three regions in 2024. Our top ten suppliers accounted for 54% of the value of our total purchases in 2024. Two of supplier that accounted for 10% or more of total purchase during the year ended December 31, 2024. We sourced from over 531 suppliers across the three regions in 2025. Our top ten suppliers accounted for 41% of the value of our total purchases in 2025. None of suppliers that accounted for 10% or more of total purchases during the year ended December 31, 2025. The supply chain covers from bicycle frames to lamps, tires, hydraulic forks, power motors, controllers, batteries, cushions, instrument panels, plastic covers and other accessories. Our product managers cooperated with our suppliers closely by soliciting our suppliers’ input and feedback throughout our product design and manufacturing process, therefore, we maintain the flexibility of our supply chain by designing products with common components or sourcing interchangeable components from different suppliers. Close working relationships with our suppliers, our continued procurement, and punctual payments are the key reasons why we can launch new products periodically with price advantage and operate an efficient and diversified supply chain. Two of our suppliers represents more than 10% of total annual purchases in 2024. None of our suppliers represents more than 10% of total annual purchases in 2025.  

We operate a centralized procurement decision-making process when sourcing from our suppliers. Our general manager controls the negotiation with all important suppliers and continues visiting them on site for the purpose of understanding how the supplier controls the quality and establishing working relationships with the key persons of the suppliers. We have been strengthening our cooperation with existing qualified suppliers and attracting new capable suppliers at the same time. We further optimize our supply chain by regularly providing improvement recommendations to our suppliers on various production-related issues, including product quality, production efficiency and cost control, so that supply chain optimization becomes an ongoing process.

Our framework agreements with our suppliers typically have terms that ensure our suppliers will adhere to our delivery instructions, quality control standards, and return and exchange policies, such as those requiring our suppliers to pay liquidated damages for their failure to deliver goods on time and for losses arising from defects in product quality.

The following diagram illustrates our corporate structure as of December 31, 2025.

Our headquarters are located at Gemini Mansion B 901, Software Park No. 18-17 Zhenze Rd. Xinwu Qu, Wuxi Jiangsu, China and we maintain offices, manufacturing and storage facilities in Tianjin, and Wuxi respectively. The offices of Tianjin Bibosch is at the FL 403, 506, H2 Building, Changyuan Road, Wuqing Development Zone, Tianjin. The factories are at Beicai Village, Wuqing District and Lvcai Road North 1, 70, Fuyuan Dao, Wuqing Development Zone, Wuqing District, Tianjin as well as No.12 Houhui Rd., Wuxi respectively. As of the date of this annual report, we do not own any real estate, and we leased an aggregate of 21,906.94 square meters of real property, of which 405.8 square meters are office rooms, 2,560.14 square meters are inventory room, and 18,941 square meters are factory buildings. We do not expect to experience difficulties in renewing any of the leases when they expire. If we require additional space, we expect to be able to obtain additional facilities on commercially reasonable terms. For the sake of cost control, on the premise of reasonable layout of production capacity, we may terminate the lease contract in advance or not renew the contract when it expires. 

As of December 31, 2025, we have 40 registered patents in China, covering battery anti-theft, USB sockets, electronic fences, automatic driving and navigation, and multimedia interactive software system and 12 patent applications in China . The term for invention patents in China is 20 years from the date of filing, for utility model patents is 10 years from the filing date, and the term for design patents is 15 years from the filing date. As of December 31, 2025, we had 21 software copyrights registered in China. As of the date of this annual report, we own two stylized or graphic trademarks for all relevant goods/services. We also own 136 trademark registrations such as “Weiqi,” “LOBOEV,” etc.

ITEM 4A. UNRESOLVED STAFF COMMENTS

None.

ITEM 5. OPERATING AND FINANCIAL REVIEW AND PROSPECTS 

You should read the following discussion together with our consolidated financial statements and the related notes included elsewhere in this annual report. This discussion contains forward-looking statements about our business and operations. Our actual results may differ materially from those we currently anticipate as a result of many factors, including those we describe under “Item 3.D. Risk Factors” and elsewhere in this annual report on Form 20-F.

Overview

Our vision is to provide commuters with safer, smarter, affordable and high-quality electric mobility and robotic products, empower communities by enabling people to thrive in the green mobility revolution. Our mission is to drive innovation and become a market leader in our industry by leveraging our design and intelligent technology to advance green mobility. We are dedicated to sustainability, committing to eco-friendly practices and supporting global climate initiatives and promoting the prosperous development of the green economy.

LOBO is an electric mobility products manufacturer. Its products include e-bicycles, electric motorcycles, e-tricycles, electric off-road four-wheeled shuttles such as golf carts and elderly scooters, solar-powered vehicles as well as smart products, like robotic lawn mower, etc. By leveraging cutting-edge technology and sustainable practices, LOBO aims to promote eco-friendly transportation options that reduce carbon footprints and enhance energy efficiency.

Key Factors that Affect Operating Results

We believe the following key factors may affect our financial condition and results of operations:

For the years ended December 31, 2025 and 2024

The following table sets forth a summary of our consolidated statements of operations and comprehensive income for the years ended December, 2025 and 2024, respectively. This information should be read together with our consolidated financial statements and related notes included elsewhere in this prospectus. The results of operations in any period are not necessarily indicative of our future trends.

Segment Information

On December 11, 2024, the Company completed the disposal of Guangzhou LOBO, which was its software royalties and development and design services segment. The Company has determined that it operates in one operating segment: electric vehicles and accessories sales segment.

As the Company’s long-lived assets are substantially all located in the PRC and all of the Company’s revenues and expenses are derived from within the PRC, no geographical segments are presented.

The following tables present the summary of each reportable segment’s revenue and income, which are considered as segment operating performance measures, for the years ended December 31, 2025 and 2024:

Depreciation and amortization

The decrease of depreciation and amortization year over year was primarily due to the sale of Guangzhou Lobo and its amortization expense.

Segment income before tax

The loss before tax in the vehicles and accessories sales segment increased by $5,405,048 to $5,390,610 for the year ended December 31, 2025, from income before tax of $14,438 for the year ended December 31, 2024.

Components of Results of Operations

Revenues

Our revenues for the years ended December 31, 2025 and 2024 were $23,217,642 and $21,188,606, respectively. The 10% increase in revenues was driven by the increase in electric vehicles and accessories sales.

A detailed breakdown of sales revenues and units sold in the electric vehicles and accessories sales segment for the years ended December 31, 2025 and 2024 is set forth below:

Cost of revenues

Cost of revenues consists primarily of manufacturing and purchase cost of raw materials, battery packs, depreciation, maintenance, and other overhead expenses. Our cost of revenues increased by $1,390,018 , or 7%, to $20,122,013 for the year ended December 31, 2025 from $18,731,995 for the year ended December 31, 2024. The percentage increase in cost of revenue was consistent with the 10% increase in revenues.

Gross profit