v3.26.1
INCOME TAX (Tables)
12 Months Ended
Dec. 31, 2025
INCOME TAX  
Schedule of maximum applicable income tax rates of other countries where the Company's subsidiaries having significant operations

  ​ ​ ​

Year ended December 31, 

2025

  ​ ​ ​

2024

  ​ ​ ​

2023

UK

 

25

%  

25

%  

25

%

Netherlands

 

25.8

%  

25.8

%  

25.8

%

Schedule of component of income tax expense

Year ended December 31, 

2025

2024

2023

  ​ ​ ​

US$

  ​ ​ ​

US$

  ​ ​ ​

US$

Chinese mainland

 

(325,751)

 

(542,211)

 

(513,768)

UK

 

(36,680)

 

(197,586)

 

(166,174)

Netherlands

 

(50,797)

 

(69,870)

 

(46,774)

Others

 

(37,035)

 

(295,439)

 

(21,378)

Total

 

(450,263)

 

(1,105,106)

 

(748,094)

Year ended December 31, 

2025

2024

2023

  ​ ​ ​

US$

  ​ ​ ​

US$

  ​ ​ ​

US$

Current income tax expense

 

15,259

 

2,012

 

1,113

Deferred income tax expense

 

687

 

 

Total income tax expense

 

15,946

 

2,012

 

1,113

Schedule of reconciliation of actual income tax expense reported from the amount computed by applying the PRC income tax rate

Year ended December 31, 

2025

2024

2023

  ​ ​ ​

US$

  ​ ​ ​

US$

  ​ ​ ​

US$

Computed expected income tax benefit at the PRC statutory tax rate of 25%

(112,069)

(276,319)

(187,286)

Effect on tax rates in different tax jurisdiction

 

22,858

 

75,134

 

824

Preferential tax rate impact

(1,322)

(399)

(423)

Tax effect of non-deductible expenses and tax-free income

 

116,342

 

4,457

 

3,137

Tax effect of R&D expenses additional deduction

 

(44,392)

 

(13,025)

 

(17,732)

Change in valuation allowance

 

33,523

 

212,302

 

202,586

Others

 

1,006

 

(138)

 

7

Income tax expense

 

15,946

 

2,012

 

1,113

Schedule of deferred tax assets and liabilities

  ​ ​ ​

As of December 31, 

2025

  ​ ​ ​

2024

US$

US$

 Deferred tax assets:

 

  ​

 

  ​

Net operating losses carryforwards

 

392,449

 

344,269

Deferral of tax deduction of R&D expenses

286,520

319,768

Accrued expenses

 

40,633

37,460

Operating lease liabilities

 

18,479

24,437

Others

37,949

27,843

Total gross deferred tax assets

 

776,030

753,777

Valuation allowance on deferred tax assets

 

(632,645)

(585,820)

Deferred tax assets, net of valuation allowance

 

143,385

167,957

Deferred tax liabilities:

 

 

Government grants

 

(113,142)

(132,061)

Operating lease right-of-use assets

 

(28,981)

(34,193)

Others

(1,960)

(1,703)

Total deferred tax liabilities

 

(144,083)

(167,957)

Net deferred tax liabilities

 

(698)

 

Summary of valuation allowance

  ​ ​ ​

Year ended December 31, 

2025

  ​ ​ ​

2024

2023

US$

US$

  ​ ​ ​

US$

Balance at the beginning of the year

 

585,820

 

390,737

202,715

Addition

 

33,523

 

209,569

189,952

Effect of foreign currency translation

 

13,302

 

(14,486)

(1,930)

Balance at the end of the year

 

632,645

 

585,820

 

390,737